100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary - Psychopathology (421096-B-5) €4,48   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary - Psychopathology (421096-B-5)

 4 keer bekeken  0 keer verkocht

This is a summary of all the lectures of Psychopathology, some images from the lecture slides are included. Good luck studying! :)

Voorbeeld 4 van de 40  pagina's

  • 31 oktober 2024
  • 40
  • 2021/2022
  • Samenvatting
Alle documenten voor dit vak (7)
avatar-seller
avavanreisen
Psychopathology


Lecture 1
Introduction and Models


● Psychotropic medications: Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce symptoms
of mental dysfunction
● Case study advantages:
○ A source of new ideas about behavior
○ May offer tentative support for a theory
○ May show the value of new therapeutic techniques
● Case study disadvantages:
○ Observer bias
○ Subjective evidence (low internal validity)
○ Little basis for generalization (low external validity)
● The Early 20thCentury: Dual Perspectives
○ Somatogenic perspective: Abnormal functioning has physical causes
○ Psychogenic perspective: Abnormal functioning has psychological causes
■ Hypnotism → Mesmer & Freud
■ Psychoanalytic theory and treatment became widely accepted
● New psychotropic medications discovered in the 1950s
○ Antipsychotic drugs
○ Antidepressant drugs
○ Antianxiety drugs
○ → led to deinstitutionalization and a rise in outpatient care
● Today: prevention programs are increasing → positive psychology + more insurance
coverage
● Multicultural psychology: try to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, etc
affect behavior and thought
● Today’s leading theories and professions:
○ Psychoanalytic
○ Biological
○ Cognitive-Behavioral

, ○ Humanistic-Existential
○ Sociocultural
○ Developmental Psychopathology
● Clinical Researchers:
○ Discover universal laws and principles
○ Search for nomothetic understanding
○ Do not typically assess, diagnose, or treat individual clients
○ Rely on the scientific method
● Clinical researchers depend on 3 methods of investigation:
○ Case study
○ Correlational method
○ Experimental method
● The correlational method: research procedure used to determine the co-relationship
between variables
○ People chosen for a study are called a sample that must be representative of a
larger population
○ Correlations can be trusted based on a statistical analysis of probability
■ Statistical significance: the finding is unlikely to have occurred by
chance
○ Advantages of the correlational method:
■ High external validity (can generalize findings)
■ Can replicate studies with other samples
○ Disadvantages of the correlational method:
■ Lacks internal validity (confounding factors)
■ It just describes the relationship between variables (it doesn’t explain
what causes the relationship)
● The experimental method: the independent variable is manipulated and the
manipulation’s effect on another variable (dependent variable) is observed
○ Confound: variables other than the independent variable may also affect the
dependent variable
○ How to erase the chance of confounds → control group, random assignment,
masked (blind) design

, ○ Control group: research participants who are not exposed to the independent
variable, but whose experience is similar to the people in the experimental
group
○ Random assignment: everyone is equally likely to be put in a certain group of
the experiment
○ Masked (blind) design: participants don’t know which assigned group they’re
in → no placebo effect
○ Double-masked design: both participants and experimenters are unaware of
the groups to which participants are assigned (no observer bias)
● Alternative research designs: clinical researchers sometimes have to settle for designs
that are less ideal and include quasi-experimental designs
○ Matched designs (for explanations, see slides chapter 1&2)
○ Natural experiments
○ Analogue experiments
○ Single-subject experiments
○ Longitudinal studies
○ Epidemiological studies
● Protecting human participants
○ Avoid physical or psychological harm for human participants
○ Institutional Review Board (IRB) → you need approval from an ethics
committee




Lecture 2
Schizophrenia


● Schizophrenia: A psychotic disorder in which functioning deteriorates as a result of
unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities
● More frequent in lower socioeconomic groups → the stress of poverty could cause the
disorder
● Positive symptoms: bizarre additions to a person’s behavior (delusions, disorganized
speaking, heightened perceptions and hallucinations)

, ○ Formal thought disorder → a disturbance in the production and organization
of thoughts
○ Inappropriate affect → emotions that are unsuited to the situation
● Negative symptoms: characteristics that are lacking in a person (poverty of speech,
flat affect, social withdrawal)
○ Restricted affect → less anger, sadness, joy etc than other people
○ Flat affect → no emotions at all
○ Loss of volition → feeling drained of energy and unable to start something
● Psychomotor symptoms: move relatively slow, awkward movements and odd
gestures
○ Catatonia → a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include
catatonic stupor (when people stop responding to their environment), rigidity
(upright posture for hours without moving), or posturing (awkward and bizarre
positions for a long period of time)


Schizophrenia: Classification DSM-5
● When someone has 2 or more of these symptoms for 1 month:
○ Delusions
○ Hallucinations
○ Chaotic speech
○ Disorganized / catatonic behavior
○ Negative symptoms (flattened affect, decreased drive)
● Dysfunctioning in work, study, socializing, self-care
● There needs to be an exclusion of a: mood disorder, disorder caused by somatic
disease, disorder because of substance abuse, pervasive development disorder


Schizophreniform Disorder: Classification DSM-5
● When someone has schizophrenia but the duration is more than 1 month and less than
6 months


Schizoaffective Disorder: Classification DSM-5
● A continuous episode in which both criteria for a mood disorder and criterion A
schizophrenia are met

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper avavanreisen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €4,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 72042 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€4,48
  • (0)
  Kopen