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SOC 180A week 4
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Exam of 10 pages for the course SOC 180A week 4 at SOC 180A week 4 (SOC 180A week 4)
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Voorbeeld 2 van de 10 pagina's
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SOC 180A WEEK 4 QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTION
SCONCEALMENT & SELECTIVE OR FULL DISCLOSURE - A stigma/identity management strategy where one
chooses how much to divulge certain information and to whom. This can range from being completely
open to to full concealment -or selectively disclosing limited details to specific individuals.
SUNK COST FALLACY - Decisions - especially those pertaining to relationships - are not often "rational" in
myriad ways. People often feel that prior investments of time, energy, money etc (i.e., sunk costs) justify
further expenditures rather than "cutting one's losses." Within a purely economic analogy, it's like
continuing to invest in a failing project or when people keep gambling in a hope of recouping their losses
- so it doesn't seem like it was all in vain
BYGONES PRINCIPLE - A rational choice model would also suggest that individuals only factor in future
consequences and costs. Past expenditures and situations are irrelevant since they have already
occurred regardless of what decision is made
"RATIONAL CHOICE" / NEOCLASSICAL MODELS - Traditional frameworks suggested that individuals, pairs,
or groups would be most likely to operate in ways that rationally consider their resources, time, and
consequences. However, research consistently finds that "doing/displaying" theories often better explain
a multitude of social patterns - which emphasizes that normative self-conceptions and presentations are
prioritized. For example, scholars like Julie Brines routinely demonstrate that husbands in heterosexual
marriages who earn and work the least also do the least amount of unpaid housework labor.This
indicates that couples function in ways that neutralize deviance and display normative gender roles -
even to an extent which surpasses temporal or financial considerations
DISPLAYING GENDER - Describes the most social - rather than merely personal and interactional - aspect
of practices related to doing gender, which enables their meanings to be conveyed to certain relevant
others or in specific contexts. One can display gender even in the absence of direct interactional
performances - such as by photographs, names etc. Gender displays involve an internal/personal
dynamic but are specifically intended for an external or imaginary "audience." Scholars like Foucault
argue that such interplays cannot be fully disentangled, because the degree of self-surveillance
propagated within our societal circumstances blurs individual consciousness with relational displays.
Gender displays can be considered successful or unsuccessful - depending on whether the intended
meaning is understood by others. However, whether this occurs can vary according to one's resources as
, well as positionalities.*Doing & Displaying Gender has been similarly applied to other phenomena such
as Doing & Displaying Family
DOING GENDER - Posits that gender is not something we are born with, but an accomplishment achieved
by "doing" gender during interactions by managing situated conduct that adheres to normative ideals of
attitudes and activities appropriate for one's sex category. These gender activities emerge from and
bolster claims to membership in a sex category via expressions of essential masculine and feminine
natures. This was proposed by West & Zimmerman (1987), who used a case study of a transwoman
named Agnes to frame gender as an achieved property of situated conduct done at the individual level,
but the process is fundamentally interactional since accountability is a feature of relationships. Thus,
gender is an emergent feature of social situations: both a result of and rationale for social arrangements
and a way to legitimate a fundamental division and inequalities (there is nothing "natural" about
it)*Omnirelevant: We are always held accountable for doing gender and fitting into a sex category (Lucal,
1999)*If we don't do gender, we are questioned (not institutions) and if we do gender, we support these
institutions*Social changes need to be pursued at a cultural level as well as an institutional level
DISPLAYING FAMILY - Describes the most social aspects of doing family which enables their meanings to
be conveyed to certain relevant others or in specific contexts. One can display even in the absence of
direct interactional performances - such as via photographs, names, activities, or events. Displays involve
an internal/personal dynamic but are specifically intended for an external or imaginary "audience"
outside of the family unit, whereas doing family refers to practices within the group in order to sustain
bonds/intimacy/belonging. Scholars like Foucault argue that such interplays cannot be fully disentangled,
because the degree of self-surveillance propagated in our societal circumstances blurs individual
consciousness with relational displays. Their degree of success depends on whether the intended
meaning of a display is understood by others. Whether this occurs can vary according to one's resources
as well as positionalities
"DOING FAMILY"/KIN WORK - Regards "family" as a socially constructed group resulting from personal
and public interactions - which serve functions related to cultural transmission, socialization, identity
formation, discipline, and various forms of control (i.e.behavioral/sexual/reproductive). It entails the
performance of mutually enacted roles, labor, traditions, identities, routines, and decisions like spending.
Although it's a form of identity work, it enhances processes of de-individuation and cohesion by
strengthening bonds within a group in ways that may prioritize collectivity above individual members.
Historically, mothers have usually been the "director"-namely since the home is regarded as the female
domain. "Women's work" also tends to be devalued, invisible, less compensated, and care/emotional
types of labor, but employed moms are generally more responsible for taking on a second shift of unpaid
housework/childrearing as well. Rather than something we are born into, family is a performed
accomplishment that is done/achieved via successful interactions by managing situated conduct in ways
that adhere to normative ideals of attitudes and activities deemed appropriate for such groups. These
activities emerge from and in turn bolster claims to membership within them*Collett & Childs (2009)
note that expectations are clearest in nuclear families, but the importance of doing family is emphasized
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