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BIOL 266 Final Exam Review Study Guide Solutions Updated 2024

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BIOL 266 Final Exam Review Study Guide Solutions Updated 2024 structural bioinformatics - ANSWER-field that predicts and models function from 3D structure genomics - ANSWER-field that predicts phenotype from genotype molecular novelty - ANSWER-field that novel genes and gene functions from newl...

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BIOL 266 Final Exam Review Study Guide

Solutions Updated 2024

structural bioinformatics - ANSWER✔✔-field that predicts and models function from 3D structure

genomics - ANSWER✔✔-field that predicts phenotype from genotype

molecular novelty - ANSWER✔✔-field that novel genes and gene functions from newly sequenced

genomes and metagenomes

evolutionary adaptation - ANSWER✔✔-field that analyzes how changes in genotype lead to changes in

phenotype and evolutionary adaptation

computational biology - ANSWER✔✔-the application of computational tools to solve biological problems

(many disciples, ie/ genomics, biophysics, ecology, molecular bio, etc.)

bioinformatics - ANSWER✔✔-more emphases on analysis of high-throughput data, notably genome-

sequence data. A subset of computational biology.

pattern discovery - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -learn patterns from biological data

prediction - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -use patterns to predict biological function

integration - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -develop models that connect levels of info

simulation - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - model behavior of biological systems on a computer

engineering - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - design novel biological systems for specific purposes

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therapy - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - design molecular therapeutics to combat disease

wet lab - ANSWER✔✔-data generation testing

dry lab - ANSWER✔✔-interpretation, prediction, model-building, hypothesis-generation

algorithm - ANSWER✔✔-a set of rules or instructions specifying how to solve a problem

tool - ANSWER✔✔-implementation of an algorithm (software)

sequence analysis - ANSWER✔✔-determining the optimal alignment between sequences, searching

databases, for homologs, organization and interpretation of data

phylogenetic analysis - ANSWER✔✔-organization of sequences according to their evolutionary

relationships

genome analysis - ANSWER✔✔-finding and analyzing genes within the context of an entire genome

transcriptomics and proteomics - ANSWER✔✔-examines levels of gene or protein expression

network and systems biology - ANSWER✔✔-analyzing a biological system as a network of interacting

components

synthetic biology - ANSWER✔✔-the use of computers to design new biological systems

dna polymers - ANSWER✔✔-specific sequences of nucleotides

nitrogenous base - ANSWER✔✔-nucleotides differ by which _________ they contain

genome - ANSWER✔✔-organism's DNA-based genetic instructions; composed of genes

genes - ANSWER✔✔-dna instructions for making proteins

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central dogma - ANSWER✔✔-DNA --> RNA --> protein

transcription - ANSWER✔✔-assisted by RNA polymerase

translation - ANSWER✔✔-assisted by ribosomes

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA - ANSWER✔✔-three main types of RBA; messenger, transfer, ribosomal

RNA - ANSWER✔✔--primary structure similar to DNA

-can be single or double stranded

-can exhibit different conformations (unlike DNA)

-contains U instead of T

gene expression - ANSWER✔✔-process of using DNA info to make mRNA and proteins

promoter sequence - ANSWER✔✔-what RNA polymerases look for to recognize beginning of genes

enhancers - ANSWER✔✔-. Modulate gene expression and can be far from the gene. Needed on top of

promoters for eukaryotes.

prokaryotes - ANSWER✔✔-use +ve and -ve regulation for transcription

genetic code - ANSWER✔✔-RNA to amino acids

ORF - ANSWER✔✔-long stretches of DNA that are uninterrupted by stop codons and therefore encode

protein

genes - ANSWER✔✔-ORFs + additional regulatory info

start codon - ANSWER✔✔-met, AUG, translation of DNA to RNA

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stop codons - ANSWER✔✔-UAA, UAG, UGA, expected once every 20th codon

hydrophobic amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-amino acids with long alkyl side chains. More likely to be found

in the interior of proteins. A I L M P V F W

hydrophilic (polar) amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-C N Q S T Y G

Charged amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-(-) D E, (+) K R H

sequencing - ANSWER✔✔-determining the exact nucelotide sequence of DNA

sequencing methods - ANSWER✔✔-Maxam- Gilbert: chemical degradation

Dideoxy (Sanger): chain termination

next gen (high throughput): many types

next gen methods - ANSWER✔✔-illumina (solexa)

-up to 1 Tb/rn (>5 human genomes)

-125 base pairs (paired end)

454 pyrosequencing

-up to 600 Mb/run

400-500 base pairs (single direction)

evolution - ANSWER✔✔-changes in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive

generations

genotype - ANSWER✔✔-organism's genetic information

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