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Rem 100 Exam Study Guide Solutions List the common characteristics of global issues, and define global change. - ANSWER-• The problem has global effects or large scale regional effects. • It is inter -related to other global issues. • It exposes the inter -dependence between countries and...

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  • 11 november 2024
  • 41
  • 2024/2025
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Rem 100 Exam Study Guide Solutions


List the common characteristics of global issues, and define global change. - ANSWER✔✔-• The problem

has global effects or large scale regional effects.


• It is inter -related to other global issues.


• It exposes the inter -dependence between countries and regions. It cannot be solved by any one

country acting alone.


• The problem is persistent (multi -generations).


• Its solution challenges the status quo in world order and global institutions.


• Requires interdisciplinary knowledge and solutions.


Explain why an interdisciplinary approach is needed to address global issues. - ANSWER✔✔-Real-world

problems are complex, so no single discipline can adequately describe and resolve these issues.


Define the concept of institution, and summarize their importance and limitations regarding


global problems. - ANSWER✔✔-Definition: An elemental structure required for the


functioning of a society. Institutions embody the


particular sets of values, norms and roles that a


society believes to be essential for its continued


existence.


Global Change - ANSWER✔✔-Human induced transformation of the global environment.

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, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


Institutions - ANSWER✔✔-An elemental structure required for the functioning of a society.


Earth summits (1972, 1982, 1992, 2002) - ANSWER✔✔-United Nations' World Conferences on the

Environment


1972: 1st Conference (Stockholm, Sweden)


1982: 2nd Conference (Nairobi, Kenya) Brazil) Banned commercial whaling activity


1992: 3rd Conference, "Earth Summit " (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Global Warming/Climate Change Treaty

Biodiversity Treaty The term "Sustainable Development " was endorsed


2002: 4th Conference, "World Summit on Sustainable Development " (Johannesburg, South Africa)

Millennium Development Goals


2012: 5th Conference, "Rio +20 " (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)


Identify and explain the five main spheres of the earth system: lithosphere, hydrosphere,


atmosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere. - ANSWER✔✔-Lithosphere = Land


• Earth's raw materials and mined resources • Tectonic processes - Mountain-building - Earthquakes -

Volcanism • Erosion and Sedimentation • Soils




Hydrosphere = Water


• Three phases occur naturally on earth's surface • Component of solid earth - Physical and chemical

weathering of rocks • Drives the atmospheric 'heat engine' • Essential to life




Cryosphere = Ice

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• Part of hydrosphere • Physical weathering • Sea level • Planetary albedo • Abrupt climate change




Atmosphere = Air


• Atmospheric structure and composition • Weather and Climate • Air quality




Biosphere = Life


• Inhabits air, water, land • Created and maintains oxygen-rich atmosphere • Carbon and Nitrogen

cycling




Anthroposphere = Humans


• Part of the biosphere, inhabited and used by humans


2.2. Explain how different cycles flow across these sphere (e.g. hydrological and carbon


cycles) - ANSWER✔✔-• Change in one sphere often results in a change in one or more of the other

spheres.


• Changes are typically fluxes of energy and matter between spheres:


- E.g., carbon dioxide (CO 2) released to air (atmosphere) and oceans (hydrosphere)


Provide examples of perturbations (both natural and human caused) and positive and


negative system responses. - ANSWER✔✔-Define: an impact or disturbance to a system. A perturbation


may or may not move the system out of equilibrium.


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Examples:


• A landslide into a creek


• Slow changes of the Earth's orbit around the sun


• Pollution of a pristine environment


• Changes to the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.


• Development of agriculture


• Earthquake




Positive feedback is a small disturbance that includes an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.




Negative feedback is a decrease in the magnitude of the perturbation.


Summarize Costanza's four visions of the Century Ahead. - ANSWER✔✔-Star Trek: fusion energy solves

economical and environmental problems, humans live in solar system and expand population




Mad Max: Economies collapse and governments weaken, no alt energy to oil and its declined. No armies

or population control. Run by corporations




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