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Alle aantekening voor International Relations and Global Governance
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International relations and global governanceHoorcollege 1, 11-09-2024
Ontology: what is the world made up of? who are the significant actors of
the world?
Main actors in the world are states. Some might think world is made up off
culture or norms.
Epistemology: how knowledge is created, how do we develop knowledge?
Carr has had huge impact on realism. ‘Science as the analysis of existing
facts by realists, preceded and informed by the dreams of utopians.
According to him science starts by wanting to solve a problem like curing
cancer. Then realists come in and look at the actual problem instead of the
wish.
Political science, sometimes the dreams of utopians can change the facts,
like Marx did with capitalism. Difference between natural science (can
never change lead to gold) but with political science you can.
Jackson develops 4 different ways of thinking:
- impersonal, knowledge claims that say that they are objective.
Nothing can change this fact. Values free claim.
- Value-perspectival, knowledge claim that is based on certain values.
Based on Christian or socialists’ values. Based on clue of the world.
- Detached, describing the world seeing the way it is, not changing.
- Engaging, evaluating the world.
All different world views in which we will view the texts.
Epistemic; Realism is impersonal based upon not making claims based on
values, detached because its only descriptive.
Technical knowledge still impersonal, doesn’t come from values, but
engaged. Knowing about techniques. Knowing how instead of knowing
that.
Aesthetic knowledge detached; not trying to change how whisky is made
but full of value. Making and assessment on whisky, what type of notes.
Not an attempt to change.
Normative both engaged and full of value, tells about social ills and values
of whisky. Makes claims about whether whisky should be completely
banned, or only certain people can make it.
All different types of knowledge claims^
What are international relations, Carr one of the founding fathers,
describes it as a
,“Serious, critical, hard and ruthless analysis of ‘real’ international
problems, preceded by aspiration” reason to start international relations
wanting to avoid wars like WWI again.
However, for Carr solving also imbalance in power or cultural desinence or
domestic inequality isn’t international problems.
Carr says about utopians that, the ‘league of nations’ won’t overlook their
short-term goals for their long-term goals isn’t realistic because states
don’t trust each other.
Carr thinks people should be realists and look at the way the world is
instead as Woodrow Wilson, the utopian, like looking at the way they want
the world to be.
For Carr the only ‘other’ that matters are other states. Jackson sees the
‘other’ as the alien, different race or culture. Otherness is created by
humans through currency or customs or values, how they divide
themselves.
The maintenance of those boundaries is while there being transactions
like: economic or military.
According to Baylis, Owens and Smith international relations are very
Eurocentric and exclusionary. Most IR literature written by white men.
Exclusionary because of hidden agendas. Also prejudice impact their
theories on countries they’ve never been to.
Theory; trying to make sense of the world by establishing patterns.
For Utopians, theory is a norm to which political practice should conform.
For realists, it is a codification of political practice according to Carr. Just
looking at the world and describe it, not trying to change.
Non-optional simplifying devices that allow “you to decide which historical
or contemporary facts matter more than others” when trying to
understand the world (Baylis, Smith and Owens).
By non-optional they mean that you must use theory because you can’t
know everything.
Hoorcollege 2, 11-09-2024
The earliest realists did not view themselves as realists. Core defining
features of realism; statism, power, anarchy, survival and delf help.
According to them the world is made up off states, city states not nation-
states. A unit that has sovereignty. (statism)
Only way that you ensure your survival in the world. (power)
The international system is anarchical, because there is no world order
that countries answer to, no overpowering authority (anarchy).
Suspicion of others, everything is to survive (survival).
, You cannot rely on others, there survival is there priority not yours, they
cut you lose if you threaten their survival. You can’t trust anyone (self-
help).
Morality and justice (in the international sphere) unimportant for the
analysis, and dangerous for the conduct (for the ones pursuing it), of
international relations. It makes you steer away from your goals and
security.
There however isn’t no morality at all in realism, they think they can stay
in state but not outside of it. Morals cannot become a driving source in the
state if the state isn’t secured already.
Classical realism > after World War 1, 20th century > thinkers most
associated: Henry Kissinger
Realists from this period contrasts themselves with utopians after they
made the league of nations. They have a pessimist view of human nature
and their lust for power, they will never sacrifice themselves for someone
else. The way we act in international sphere is how the people of that
country are.
Morgenthau identified 3 basic patterns of struggle for power;
- Status quo, states with great power will try to maintain system
because it is in their favor.
- Imperialism, dominate other states, you want to change the existing
system.
- Prestige, you demonstrate power, form of signaling to the rest of the
world to show you shouldn’t mess with us.
Countries can ensure their survival by bombs and military, but also natural
things like population and nature.
Morgenthau against Vietnam war (even though he a realist) because they
couldn’t gain anything by winning. This shows different types of realists.
Kissinger (also realist) was for it because it would strengthen their place in
the world by winning.
Waltz (defensive realist) took human nature out of international structure,
he defined it by three organizing principles:
- Structure organized by organizing principles, Hierarchical power or
Anarchical
- Differentiation of units, what are the functions that the units serve?
What goes on inside of states do not matter because they all want
the same thing.
- Distribution of capabilities, combine everything you have a certain
amount of power in the world, the power is distributed differently. It
is related to economic strength or military power.
Mearsheimer’s 5 neorealists assumptions:
- Anarchic system
- Militarily capable states
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