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Summaries for Historical and Political Context of Education in South Africa. Short chapter summaries

Voorbeeld 2 van de 8  pagina's

  • 12 november 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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STUDY UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Historical and Political Context of Education in South Africa

EDUCATION:

 Defined as a purposeful act where educators help learners acquire necessary skills, knowledge, and values.
 It supports learners in fulfilling life roles: family member, citizen, professional, community member, spender of
free time, and selfactualizing individual.

DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF EDUCATION:

 Forming: Influencing learners with no real choice.
 Indoctrination: Imprinting beliefs without critical examination.
 Coaching: Improving performance and developing skills through practice.
 Conditioning: Stimulusresponse learning shaping behavior.
 Training: Preparing learners for specific life roles or careers.
 Teaching: Planned activities designed to help learners achieve goals.
 Learning: Personal, selfdriven process involving acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes.

EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE:

Divided into subdisciplines like educational psychology, sociology of education, and history of education.

THE EDUCATION SYSTEM:

 Structured to meet the needs of a target group.
 Includes policy, administration, teaching structures, and support services like medical services and libraries.

EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS (CONTEXTUAL SOCIETAL FORCES):

 Geographical Characteristics: Size, location, and climate of a country impact its education system.
 Demographical Tendencies: Population size, growth, and mobility influence education.
 Social Systems: Cultural, linguistic, and social stratification affect the structure of education.
 Financial/Economic Factors: A country's economy dictates how much it invests in education.
 Political Systems: Ruling political ideologies shape education policies.
 Worldview and Religion: Dominant beliefs and religions direct education systems.

VALUES IN EDUCATION:

 Values guide human conduct and decisionmaking.
 Types include spiritual, social, moral, aesthetic, economic, cultural, political, judicial, national, intellectual,
physical, self, emotional, occupational, recreational, security, authoritarian, environmental, life, and timespatial
values.

HISTORY OF EDUCATION:

 Offers insight into past educational ideas and practices.
 Helps address contemporary issues and design future education systems.
 Plays a role in identity formation, selfesteem, civic education, and the moral preparation of teachers.

STUDY UNIT 2

PRACTICAL VALUE OF HISTORY OF EDUCATION:

 Helps in understanding contemporary educational issues.
 Assists in designing future education systems by learning from past successes and avoiding past mistakes.

, THEORETICAL VALUE OF HISTORY OF EDUCATION:

 Provides an explanation of current education systems as products of historical forces.
 Enables theoretical insights into educational practices and highlights the visibility of certain theories through
history.

WORLD PERSPECTIVE ON THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION:

 Schools first appeared in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (around 3000 BC).
 In Ancient Greece, two types of schools developed: physical education (Palestra) and cultural schools
(Didascaleum) focusing on liberal arts.
 Great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundation for different educational philosophies.
 Roman education focused on practical roles (father, citizen, soldier), emphasizing virtues like piety, courage, and
wisdom.

EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION:

Christianity influenced education through church run schools, such as Catechumenal and Cathedral Schools, which
focused on teaching Christian values.

MEDIEVAL EDUCATION:

 The rise of universities during the Middle Ages, with significant institutions like the University of Paris and Bologna.
 Differences between medieval schools and universities (autonomy, student governance, specialization).

ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON EUROPEAN EDUCATION:

The rise of the Islamic Empire and its effect on European education, including the adoption of the Hindu numerical system
and influencing sciences.

HISTORY OF EDUCATION

RENAISSANCE EDUCATION (1450-1650):

- Marked by cultural development in painting, architecture, and literature (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Shakespeare).
- Introduction of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg (1453) revolutionized knowledge dissemination.
- Emergence of palace schools for educating the sons of aristocrats (e.g., Vittorino da Feltre).
- Focus on both Christian religion and Classical subjects (Greek, Latin, Greco-Roman knowledge).
- Expanded education to a broader public, with broader objectives, curriculum, and teaching methods.

REFORMATION EDUCATION:

- Initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, leading to alternative church denominations.
- Two main principles: faith based on the Bible and the individual's understanding of it, not church authorities.
- Education in the vernacular (mother tongue) and not reserved for the elite.
- Churches established primary schools, gradually expanding education access for all.

17TH CENTURY: RATIONALISM AND REALISM:

- Rationalism emphasized reason as a source of knowledge (e.g., Rene Descartes: "I think, therefore I am").
- Realism advocated for subjects of the real world (Biology, Geography, modern foreign languages).

18TH CENTURY: ENLIGHTENMENT AND NATURALISM:

- Enlightenment focused on using reason and critical thinking to examine societal institutions.
- The "Triangle of Revolutions" (Industrial, French, and American) brought technical and vocational education.

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