Social psychology year 1 Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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Social psychology year 1 Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
What is social psychology? - answerthe scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and
behaviours' are influenced by the actual, imagined it implied presence of others'
What are social psychologists interested in? - answerExpl...
Social psychology year 1 Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
What is social psychology? - answer✔the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and
behaviours' are influenced by the actual, imagined it implied presence of others'
What are social psychologists interested in? - answer✔Explaining human behaviour, thus usually do not
study animals unless interested in evolutionary origins. They study behaviour because this can be
observed and measured not only as obvious motor activities but also more subtle actions like raised
eyebrows. Behaviour is quantifiable and also a communicative function; it depends on motives, goals,
perspective and cultural background if the actor and the observer. Also interested in thoughts and
feelings but these aren't directly observable.
Give examples of implied presence - answer✔Most people do not litter even if no one is watching and
no possibility of getting caught. This happens because people have constructed and internalised a visual
convention or norm the proscribes littering. This norm implies the presence of other people and
influences behaviour even in their absence. Thought can also be seen as an implied presence as
language would not exist without social interaction but thought I'd internalised and private activity that
can occur when we are alone.
Why is social psychology a science? - answer✔Because it uses scientific method to construct and test
theories, such as dissonance, attitude and identity to explain social phenomena. The scientific method
dictates that no theory is 'true' simply because it is logical and seems to make sense. The validity of a
theory is based on its correspondence with fact, these theories are constructed from data or previous
theories and then conduct empirical research in which data is collected.
What are the influences surrounding social psychology? - answer✔Since the late 1970s, cognitive
psychology has been a strong influence with its concepts and methods used to explain a wide range of
social behaviours- typically referring to the approach of social cognition. In recent years, neuroscience
has also influenced social psychology. It also has links with sociology and social anthropology (these are
social sciences, however, and social psychology is a behavioural science).
Detail the scientific method in relation to social psychology - answer✔Social psychology employs the
scientific method to study social behaviour and involved the formulation of hypotheses (predictions) on
the basis of prior knowledge, speculation and casual or systematic observation. Hypotheses can be
tested empirically by measuring and comparing their performance alone and in front of an audience.
Empirical tests can falsify hypotheses but not prove them. If it is supported then confidence in its theory
increases and a more finely tuned hypotheses can be made. An important aspect of scientific method is
replication: it guards against the possibility that a finding is tied to the circumstances in which a test was
conducted and guards against fraud.
Briefly outline a model of the scientific method used by social psychologists - answer✔Bunch based on
background knowledge, personal experience, casual observation -> theory about social behaviour ->
predictions derived from theory- hypotheses -> empirical research to test predictions -> predictions
either confirmed or disconfirmed -> confidence in theory is either increased or decreased -> if decreased
theory is either modified or rejected
What is the alternative to science? - answer✔Dogma or rationalism- where something is true because
you just believe is to be or because an authority (like religious scriptures) say it is.
What are the ways in which social psychology conduct empirical tests of hypotheses? - answer✔There
are two broad types of method- empirical and non-experimental. The choice of the appropriate method
is determined by the nature of the hypothesis under investigation, the resource available for doing the
research and the ethics of the method. The confidence in the hypothesis is increased if it is confirmed a
number of times by different research teams with different methods. This helps to minimise the
possibility that the findings is an artefact of a Patrick's method and helps to avoid confirmation bias (and
losing objectivity in interpreting data).
What is methodological pluralism? - answer✔using more than one research method
What is confirmation bias? - answer✔the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's
existing beliefs or theories.
What were the three principles for Heider's ideas on naive psychologists? - answer✔-because we feel
like our behaviour is motivated rather than random, we look for the causes for other people's behaviour
in order to discover their motives. The search for causes does seem to pervade human thought and it
can be difficult to explain it comment on something without using causal language.
-because we construct causal theories in order to be able to predict and control the environment, we
tend to look for stable and enduring properties of the world around us. We try to discover personality
traits and enduring abilities in people or stable properties of situations, that cause behaviour
-in attributing causality for behaviour, we distinguish between personal factors and environmental
factors. The former are examples of an internal distribution and the latter of an external attribution.
Heider believed that because internal causes, or intentions, are hidden from us, we can only infer their
presence if there are no clear external causes. However, as we see later, people tend to be biased in
preferring internal to external attributions even in the face of evidence for external causality.
Describe a naïve psychologist - answer✔Model of social cognition that characterises people as using
rational, scientific-like, cause-effect analyses to understand their world
Describe internal attribution - answer✔Process of assigning the cause of our own or others' behaviour
to internal or dispositional factors
Describe external attribution - answer✔Assigning the cause of our own or others' behaviour to external
or environmental factors
Describe correspondent interference - answer✔Casual attribution of behaviour to underlying
dispositions, like a friendly action is fur to an underlying disposition to be friendly
What five sources of information or cues do we draw on to make a correspondent inference? -
answer✔-freely chosen behaviour is more indicative of a disposition than is behaviour that is clearly
under the control of external threats, inducements or constraints
-behaviour with effects that are relatively exclusive to that behaviour rather than common to many
behaviours tells us more about dispositions.
-socially desirable behaviour tells us little about a person's disposition, because it is likely to be
controlled by societal norms. However, socially undesirable behaviour is generally counter-normative
and is thus a better basis for making a correspondent inference
-the act have a direct impact on us (hedonic relevance)
-the act seemed intended to affect us (personalism)
What is hedonic relevance? - answer✔Refers to behaviour that has important direct consequences for
self
What is personalism? - answer✔Behaviour that appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm
oneself rather than others
Supporting evidence for correspondent inference theory - answer✔Jones and Harris (1967) found that
American students making attributions for speeches made by other students tended to make more
correspondent inferences for freely chosen socially unpopular positions, like freely choosing to make a
speech in support of Cuba's president at the time (Fidel Castro)
Another experiment, Jones, David and Gergen (1961) find that pps make more correspondent inferences
for out-of-role behaviour, such as friendly, outer-directed behaviour by someone who was applying for
an astronaut job, in which the required attributes favour a quiet, reserved, inner-directed person
Detail some limitations to correspondent inference theory - answer✔-the theory holds that
correspondent inferences depend significantly on the attribution of intentionality, yet unintentional
behaviour (like careless behaviour) can be a strong basis for a correspondent inference (like that the
persona is a careless person)
-also the notion of non-common effects. The theory maintains that people assess the commonality of
effects by comparing chosen and non-chosen actions while research shows that people simply do not
attend to non-occurring behaviours and so would not be able to compute the commonality of effects
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