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NST 160 MT2 2024/2025 verified Solution
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NST 160 MT2 2024/2025 verified Solution
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Passed!!2024/2025
NST 160 MT2
What are the 5 types of diabetes? Answer: 1. Diabetes insipidus
2. Type 1 diabetes
3. Type 2 diabetes
4. Gestational diabetes
5. Maturity onset diabetes in the young (MODY)
What is the number 1 diagnosing factor of diabetes? Answer: Fluid retention
(pee a lot!)
What is diabetes insipidus? Answer: -Kidneys unable to conserve water -->
polyuria and polydipsia
-Hypernatraemia occurs if fluid intake is inadequate
Hypernatraemia Answer: Elevated blood sodium levels due to lack of water
Polyuria Answer: Excessive urination
Polydipsia Answer: Excessive thirst
Is diabetes insipidus common in the population? Answer: Diabetes insipidus
is an uncommon condition (3 in
100,000)
, Passed!!
2024/2025
What are the different forms of diabetes insipidus? Answer: 1. Central
Diabetes Insipidus
2. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
3. Dipsogenic Diabetes Insipidus
4. Gestational Diabetes Insipidus
Central Diabetes Insipidus Answer: -Most common form of Diabetes Insipidus
-Caused by a deficiency of or resistance to the hormone vasopressin (aka
antidiuretic hormone)
What can cause deficiency of or resistance to ADH in Central Diabetes Insipidus?
Answer: -Can be due to mutations preventing vasopressin production or
signaling
-Can also be due to damage to the hypothalamus (by drugs, tumors, trauma, etc.)
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Answer: Caused by lack of vasopressin
response in the kidneys, usually due to lack of vasopressin receptor or aquaporin
2 defect
Dipsogenic Diabetes Insipidus Answer: Caused by defective thirst regulation
Gestational Diabetes Insipidus Answer: Caused by vasopressinase (enzyme
that breaks down vasopressin) production during pregnancy
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Answer: A neurohypophysial hormone found in
most mammals
Two primary functions:
, Passed!!
2024/2025
1. Retain water in the body
2. Constrict blood vessels
What is ADH derived from? Where is it produced and stored before release?
Answer: Derived from a preprohormone (prepropressophysin) that is
synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary
What is vasopressin? Answer: The manmade equivalent of ADH
Describe the permeability of cells in the cortical and medullary collecting tubes of
the kidney in the absence of ADH. Answer: In the absence of ADH, the apical
membranes of the cells in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules of the
kidney have very low water permeability
In the absence of ADH, what type of/how much urine is produced? Answer:
Large volumes of hypotonic urine are produced. Up to 12% of the filtered load of
180L/day is excreted (urine volume up to 23 L/day)
What happens to the permeability of cells in the cortical and medullary collecting
tubes of the kidney in the presence of ADH? Answer: In the presence of ADH,
cells are much more permeable to water due to the membrane insertion of
aquaporin 2
In the presence of ADH, what type of/how much urine is produced? Answer:
At maximal ADH levels, less then 1% of the filtered water is excreted (urine
volume 500mL/day)
, Passed!!
2024/2025
How is ADH regulated? Answer: Reabsorption of water via aquaporin 2
reduces plasma [Na+] and this is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
Detection by osmoreceptors allows sensitive feedback control of ADH secretion
What is involved in the thirst center in the hypothalamus which monitors plasma
tonicity? Answer: Aquaporin 4 is found in the cells of the thirst center in the
hypothalamus and is probably involved in the mechanism which monitors plasma
tonicity
How is Diabetes Mellitus classified? Answer: DM is classified on the basis of
the pathogenic process
that leads to hyperglycemia
What are the types of Diabetes Mellitus? Answer: 1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Genetic defects in beta cell function or insulin action
4. Gestational DM
How has the worldwide prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus changed over the years?
Answer: The worldwide prevalence of DM has risen dramatically
over the past two decades, from an estimated 30 million cases in 1985 to 285
million in 2010
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