MSN 503: Exam 2 Study Prep questions with correct answers
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Which statement regarding tumors is true?
a. All neoplasms are cancerous.
b. Cancer refers to a malignant tumor.
c. Benign growths are cancerous.
d. Malignant tumors have slow growth. Correct Answer-b. Cancer refers to a malignant tumor.
The term cancer refers to a malignant tumor with rapid g...
MSN 503: Exam 2 Study Prep questions with correct
answers
Which statement regarding tumors is true?
a. All neoplasms are cancerous.
b. Cancer refers to a malignant tumor.
c. Benign growths are cancerous.
d. Malignant tumors have slow growth. Correct Answer-b. Cancer refers
to a malignant tumor.
The term cancer refers to a malignant tumor with rapid growth, a loss of
differentiation, and the absence of normal tissue organization. Neoplasm
generally refers to new growth and may be benign or cancerous. Benign
growths, which are not referred to as cancers, may retain some normal
tissue structure and do not invade the capsules surrounding them or
spread to regional lymph nodes or distant locations.
Which is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?
a. It is encapsulated.
b. It does not invade local tissues.
c. It is well differentiated.
d. It is able to spread far from the tissue of origin. Correct Answer-d. It
is able to spread far from the tissue of origin.
Malignant tumors have no capsule, which allows them to spread readily.
They have rapid growth rates and specific microscopic alterations. They
are poorly differentiated and spread to distant tissues.
What is the term for cancers originating in connective tissue?
,a. Sarcoma
b. Leukemia
c. Lymphoma
d. Carcinoma Correct Answer-a. Sarcoma
Cancers arising from connective tissue usually have the suffix sarcoma.
Cancers of lymphatic tissue are called lymphomas, whereas cancers of
blood-forming cells are called leukemias. Carcinoma is a cancer of
epithelial tissue.
Which marker is used to evaluate a tumor of the adrenal gland?
a. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
b. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
c. Catecholamines
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Correct Answer-c.
Catecholamines
Catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla and are found in
excess if a tumor exists. PSA levels are used to detect prostate cancer.
AFP is used to detect liver and germ cell cancers. ACTH is the marker
used to detect pituitary adenomas.
When in its normal state, which gene negatively regulates proliferation?
a. Oncogenes
b. Tumor-suppressor genes
c. Proto-oncogenes
d. Telomeres Correct Answer-b. Tumor-suppressor genes
,Tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that, when in their normal
state, negatively regulate proliferation. Oncogenes are mutant genes that,
when in their normal nonmutant state, direct the synthesis of protein that
positively accelerate proliferation. A proto-oncogene is an oncogene in
its nonmutant state. Telemeres are protective ends or caps on each
chromosome.
Which statement is true regarding the staging of cancer?
a. Localized cancer is considered a high stage.
b. Benign tumors are stage 4.
c. Cancers that have spread regionally are stage 3.
d. Stage 1 has the poorest prognosis. Correct Answer-c. Cancers that
have spread regionally are stage 3.
Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; cancer that is locally
invasive is stage 2; cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as
lymph nodes, is stage 3; and cancer that has spread to distant sites, such
as a liver cancer spreading to the lung or prostate cancer spreading to
bone, is stage 4. The prognosis generally worsens with increasing tumor
size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Benign tumors do not
spread to distant regions.
Which statement is true regarding metastasis?
a. Metastasis is a highly efficient process.
b. Metastasis occurs through the vascular and lymphatic systems.
c. Metastatic cancer cells suppress proteases.
, d. Most cancer cells are able to metastasize to new areas. Correct
Answer-b. Metastasis occurs through the vascular and lymphatic
systems.
Two distinct mechanisms give rise to patterns of distant spread. First,
cancer cells spread through vascular and lymphatic pathways, as well as
natural tissue planes. Metastatic cells are very heterogeneous, and some
of these cells have new abilities that can facilitate metastasis. Metastasis
is highly inefficient; to metastasize, a cancer cell must surmount
multiple physical and physiologic barriers. Many metastatic cells secrete
proteases and protease activators to digest the extracellular matrix and
basement membrane, enabling cells to move. Only rare cells in a cancer
are able to metastasize.
Which statement characterizes radiation therapy?
a. Radiation is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to
normal structures.
b. Effective killing of cancer cells using radiation requires poor local
delivery of oxygen.
c. Radiation blocks the normal growth pathways in cells.
d. Radiation can cause reversible changes in normal tissues. Correct
Answer-a. Radiation is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing
damage to normal structures.
Radiation is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal
structures. Effective cell killing using radiation also requires good local
delivery of oxygen. Radiation produces slow changes in most cancers
and irreversible changes in normal tissues as well. Antimetabolite
chemotherapy blocks normal growth pathways in cells.
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