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EXSC 330 - Exam 1 Questions and Answers

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primary function of Krebs cycle - ️️to remove hydrogens and the energy associated with those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle P/O ratio - ️️ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms consumed Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ️️passes electrons from ...

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EXSC 330 - Exam 1
primary function of Krebs cycle - ✔️✔️to remove hydrogens and the energy associated
with those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle


P/O ratio - ✔️✔️ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms consumed

Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ✔️✔️passes electrons from oxidation of a fuel
source (CHO, fat, PRO) to NADH or FADH2, and finally to oxygen to produce ATP

- slow but high ATP yield

ATP - ✔️✔️(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of
their work.
potential energy extracted from food, energy stored in bonds of ATP -> outermost
phosphate is released (uses ATPase)

ADP forms when ___ joins with ____ - ✔️✔️ATP; H2O

Phosphocreatine (PCr) system - ✔️✔️anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, uses creatine
kinase (CK).
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (high levels of ADP is favored)

~10 sec max yield

adenylate kinase - ✔️✔️assists in ATP regeneration

2 ADP -> ATP and AMP

cell store ____ more PCr than ATP - ✔️✔️4-6x

creatine - ✔️✔️___ may be phosphorylated back to PCr system

byproducts of PCr hydrolysis and adenylate kinase reaction - ✔️✔️- Pi (inorganic
phosphate)
- AMP
- ADP

byproducts of PCr and adenylate kinase stimulate: - ✔️✔️- glycogenolysis/glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis - ✔️✔️intermediate energy system, anaerobic

,~ 90 sec
relies solely on carbohydrates (CHO)

glycolysis occurs in - ✔️✔️cytosol

glucose is cleaved into ____ in glycolysis - ✔️✔️2 pyruvate molecules, which may
convert to lactate

transport of glucose into the sarcoplasm for use in glycolysis is dependent on _____ -
✔️✔️GLUT4 transporters

- responds to elevated insulin
- responds to physical activity INDEPENDENT of insulin

rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis - ✔️✔️- hexokinase
- phosphofructokinase
- pyruvate kinase

pyruvate may be ____ to form lactate - ✔️✔️reduced

- lactate dehydrogenase drives this REVERSIBLE reaction

lactate accumulation (not production) signals onset of _____ - ✔️✔️anaerobic
metabolism

lactate shuttle - ✔️✔️lactate produced in fast twitch muscle fibers can be "Shuttled" to
other fast/slow twitch fibers for conversion to pyruvate

when O2 becomes available,... - ✔️✔️pyruvate can be oxidized as an energy source in
these other cells

gluconeogenesis - ✔️✔️lactate is converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose in
the LIVER in the CORI cycle

- new glucose is available for use in muscle

oxidative phosphorylation - ✔️✔️comprised of Krebs (or TCA) cycle and the electron
transport chain. AEROBIC metabolism
- takes place in mitochondria

proton pump - ✔️✔️used by oxidative phosphorylation, used to generate gradient

- chemiosmotic coupling joins ADP and Pi
- 50% efficiency of ETC

, Krebs Cycle - ✔️✔️continues oxidation of:
- CHO following glycolysis
- fatty acids following beta oxidation
- some amino acids following deamination

first step of Krebs cycle - ✔️✔️entry of Acetyl-CoA (which is formed from pyruvate if
following glycolysis). IRREVERSIBLE reaction

acetyl CoA then joins with ____ to form _____ - ✔️✔️oxaloacetate; citrate

- no oxaloacetate, no aerobic metabolism

each turn of Krebs cycle produces - ✔️✔️3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

____ and ____ can be used in the Krebs cycle after being converted to acetyl CoA -
✔️✔️triglycerides and proteins

Total energy transfer from glucose catabolism - ✔️✔️36 ATP

rate limiting modulators - ✔️✔️ATP, ADP (greatest effect), cAMP, NAD+, Calcium, pH

its relative concentrations that are important in energy metabolism - ✔️✔️NADH/NAD+,
ATP/ADP

adipocytes - ✔️✔️site of fat storage and mobilization

I pound of fat equals - ✔️✔️3500 kcal

fat mobilization - ✔️✔️first step: lipolysis - splitting triglycerides into the glycerol and
fatty acids

____ drives lipolysis - ✔️✔️lipase

fatty acids for lipolysis are ____ - ✔️✔️free fatty acids

- bound to Albumin for transport in plasma

free fatty acids can be: - ✔️✔️1. reesterified to triglycerides
2. can enter mitochondria for metabolism by transferring an acyl group to carnitine

lipolysis is stimulated by - ✔️✔️epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, testosterone,
TSH, growth hormone

fat storage is stimulated by - ✔️✔️estrogen and insulin

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