SPSS commands are described step by step through the dropdown menu and the Syntax. With this manual you can easily understand how to use SPSS commands an what this output means. All the mentioned commands are used in the courses: Mathematics, Measurements and Statistics (MMS), MTO-C, Causal Analysi...
SPSS Manual step by step – Via dropdown menu and the Syntax
Basic rules SPSS in general
1. American number formatting is used. So, where we use a comma in the Netherlands,
SPSS uses a period (E.G. the mean is 7.051). SPSS uses in groups of three digits in large
numbers comma’s (E.G. The N is 350,000).
Be aware of this while answering questions and reporting information.
2. System-Missing data is when a respondent has a missing score on a variable (recognized
by “.”). User-Missing data has been assigned a value which refers to a missing score.
Be aware that you don’t assign a number to the User-Missing data that is measured by
the scale of the question (E.G. a score between 0 and 10 Missing score of - / 999).
3. Be aware that your case number (the left column of numbers in data view), may not
always be the respondent number. In some surveys the respondent number is a separate
variable.
4. When you are selecting variables for any analysis, you will see the full label of that
specific variable. By right-clicking on the variables, you can select to see the variable name
instead of the label. Another option is to order the variables alphabetically or by
measurement level. This will make the variables easier to find and saves you time.
Basic rules SPSS about the Syntax
1. Whenever you follow the dropdown menu, if you click on “Paste” instead of “OK”. The
command appears in your Syntax window.
2. To run a command in the Syntax, the specific command must be selected.
3. Always end your command in the Syntax with a period.
4. Comments in the Syntax start with * and end with a period. After including the comments,
run the complete syntax (Dropdown menu: Run All). If everything runs correctly, your
comments were correctly included.
Index of notes
Create a new data file with only your necessary variables…………………………………. 1
Descriptive statistics…………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Using compare means to find the mean………………………………………………………. 2
Frequency distribution…………………………………………………………………………... 2
Create a histogram………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Create a scatterplot……………………………………………………………………………… 3
Finding erroneous values (out-of-range values, that aren’t measured in your survey)….. 3
Sorting cases…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Deleting cases……………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Find/recognize missing values………………………………………………………………….. 3
Coding missing values (make System-Missing data User-Missing data)………………….. 4
Split file……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Undo the split file…………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Computing the sum score (composite score) ………………………………………………… 4
Adding a label to variables………………………………………………………………………. 5
Recode values of variables……………………………………………………………………… 5
Adding a name to the values of your new recoded variable………………………………… 5
Principal Axis Factoring/Common Factor Analysis (PAF) …………………………………… 5
The Kaiser’s criterion and the Scree test (how many factors are used)……………………. 6
Cronbach’s Alpha……………………………………………………………………………….... 7
How to choose the kind of analysis you need (ANOVA/regression/path analysis) ………. 7
Assumptions for an ANOVA………………………………………………………………….… 8
Calculate means per category (in case of ANOVA) ………………………………………… 8
1
, Checking the normal distribution of the Y-variable per group………………………………. 8
Perform an ANOVA-analysis……………………………………………………………………. 8
Perform a Levene’s test to test the Homogeneity of variances between groups………….. 8
Assumptions for a Pearson’s correlation……………………………………………………… 9
Performing a correlation……………………………………………………………………….... 9
Performing a correlation, and test if this effect differs between data-groups……………… 9
Creating dummy-variables…………………………………………………………………….... 10
Assumptions for bivariate regression………………………………………………………….. 10
Perform a bivariate OLS (“ordinary least squares”) regression analysis…………………… 10
Check if there is homoscedasticity or heteroscedasticity in your regression model………. 11
Predicted values, observed values and residuals (calculate residual)……………………… 12
Perform a sequential regression analysis……………………………………………………… 12
Test for multicollinearity………………………………………………………..………………… 13
Create a new data file with only your necessary variables
Dropdown menu
File Save As Variables Drop all Check the boxes of the variables you want to
keep in the column “Keep” Continue Change the name of the file, so the old file will not
be changed Save File Open Data Select the name of your newly created
dataset Open
Descriptive statistics
(N, mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, range, variance)
Dropdown menu
Analyze Descriptive statistics Descriptives Select variable(s) OK
Syntax
Type in the Syntax:
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=VARIABLE NAME /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX
RANGE VARIANCE.
Run (green triangle button)
! When you want to calculate the descriptives for multiple variables, just add the variable
names after the “VARIABLES=”. Keep in mind that you use the spacebar between the
variables
Using compare means to find the mean
(Instead of using descriptives, you can also find the mean through another way)
Dropdown menu
Analyze Compare means Means Select variable Paste into the “Dependent List”
OK
Syntax
Type in the Syntax:
MEANS TABLES=VARIABLE NAME
/CELLS=MEAN COUNT STDDEV.
Run
Frequency distribution
(Frequency, percent, valid percent, cumulative percent)
Dropdown menu
Analyze Descriptive statistics Frequencies Select variable(s) OK
Syntax
Type in the Syntax:
2
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