1. What is an attitude?
2. What is an emotion?
3. What is a mood?
4. What is a temperament?
5. What is a trait?
6. How do these phenomena differ from each other?
7. How do these phenomena relate to each other?
Article: Ekman: moods, emotions and traits
Differences moods and emotions
Emotions Moods
last short period (seconds to minutes) last longer (hours or days)
Lower threshold for arousing the
emotions
modulating emotions is harder when it
occurs during a mood
own unique facial expression dont have own facial expression
people are able to specify the event that people often cant call forth the event
called forth their emotional response that triggered their mood.
Moods can be brought forth by changes
in neurohormonal, biochemical state.
(e.g. lack of sleep or food)
Moods can also be generated nby a
dense emotional experience (where
specific emotion is present at a high
intensity
, 2
Article: Davidson: on emotions, mood, and related affective
constructs
Functional definition of mood
- The three differences Davidson mentions are: Duration, facial expressions,
triggers
Emotions mood
function of emotion is to modulate or function of mood is to modulate or bias
bias action cognition. The mechanism for altering
information-processing priorities and for
shifting modes of information processing
moods are continually present →
therefore our cognitive processes are
always biased or modulated
Emotions appear to be precipitated by moods may be more likely to follow
events that are perceived as occurring events that are perceived as occurring
quickly and without warning over a slower time course
affective style: the entire domain of individual differences that modulate a person's
reactivity to emotional events
● individual differences are trait-like constructs consistent over time → so not
moods
● Temperament: early consistent differences that are assumed to be at least in
part under genetic control
Jacobs and Nadel (1985) model → IMPORTANT??
Emotions bias action, while moods bias cognition. Affective style was defined as all
individual differences that form consistent patterns of emotional reactivity
Most important diffrences moods and emotions
- Duration
- Intentionality
- Emotions (regulate actions) vs. moods (regulate cognition)
Article: Goldsmith: Parsing the emotional domain from
developmental perspective
temperamental traits: characteristic individual differences in the way basic emotions
are experienced and expressed
- Heritable and environmental
, 3
(temperamental) Traits are:
● cross-situational consistency
○ situations must have common incentive properties
○ situations must afford significant behavioural options,
○ must be relevant to the individual's goals
● temporal stability.
Temperament:
● distinction between temperament and other emotional traits will be developmental,
with temperamental traits becoming organised earlier.
, 4
Article: Frijda: varieties of affect: emotions and episodes, moods,
and sentiments
Emotions
● emotions involve relations to some object
● Intentional
● Affect, appraisal and action readiness are object-focused
● duration: short
● Research showed that emotional events tend to lead to emotion episodes
that, typically, last for an hour or more. The emotional state doest not remain
the same during an episode.
● Sentiment is the basis off emotions
● emotions stand to sentiment (=dispositions to respond affectively to particular
objects or kinds of event)
Moods:
● non-intentional affective state
● more global than emotions
● Affect, appraisal and action readiness lack the object focus
● Duration: long
● moods stand to emotional personality traits or temperament
How do moods, emotions, traits and temperament relate to eachother:
● Emotions may fade into moods; but moods may give rise to emotions, since
they often imply a lowering of threshold for particular emotions.
● Sentiments may be the precipitate of emotions, and may underlie the
emergence of emotions, because that is how they are defined.
● Traits of temperament or personality give rise to both emotions and moods,
again because it is the occurrence of those emotions and moods that prompt
us to attribute such traits to a particular individual.
Article: Watson & Clark: Emotions, moods, traits, and
temperaments: conceptual distinctions and empirical findings
Emotion contains three differentiable components:
(1) a prototypic form of expression (typically facial),
(2) a pattern of consistent autonomic changes, and
(3) a distinct subjective feeling state
Others are:
● emotions represent a response to specific types of events
● emotions give rise to charactersitc forms of adaptive behavior
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