EOSC 210 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers All Correct 100% Verified
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EOSC 210
EOSC 210 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers All Correct 100% Verified
What is Walther's Law? - Answer- - a vertical sequence of facies reflects lateral changes in depositional environment
- when a depositional environment (sedimentary environment) migrates sedimatents lie on top of other sedim...
EOSC 210 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
and Answers All Correct 100%
Verified
What is Walther's Law? - Answer- - a vertical sequence of facies reflects lateral
changes in depositional environment
- when a depositional environment (sedimentary environment) migrates sedimatents lie
on top of other sedimnets
What is marine trangression? - Answer- - sea level rises relative to land surface
- depositional environment migrate toward land
- marine sediments (shales and limestones) deposited on top of continental sedimnets
(sandstones)
Waves carry the fine grains upward, when waves slow fine grain sediment deposited
onto coarse grain sediment
What is marine regression? - Answer- - sea level falls relative to land surface
- depositional environments migrate toward sea
- continnetal sediments (sandstones) deposited on top of marine sediments (shales and
limestones)
coarse grain on top of fine grain
What are unconformities (sedimentary rocks)? - Answer- - they are erosion surfaces
that occur when rocks or sediments exposed at the surface, particularly at times of LOW
sea level
What are the type of unconformities and describe them - Answer- Angular:
- younger sediments rest on eroded surface of tilted or folded older rocks
Disconformity:
- contact between younger and olders beds marked by a visible, irregular, or uneven
ersonsional surface
Paraconformity:
- beds above and below unconformity parallel and no erosional surface evident, but can
be recognized based on gao un the geological record
,Nonconformity:
- develops between sedimentary rock and older igneous or metamorphic rock that has
been exposed to erosion
(A geological surface that separates younger overlying sedimentary from eroded
igneous or metamorphic rocks and represents a large gap in the geologic record)
Describe the relationship between petroleum and sedimentary rocks - Answer- - oil is
from organic-rich sediments (especially shale) that settle on ocean floor
- most oil in alberta and bc created from sediments deposited in mid-Cretaceous
What is maturation? - Answer- - organic material degraded
- water and other materials drive off, and kerogen develops (kerogen forms from buried
and heated shale)
- most oil and gas develop from kerogen
- after formation oil and gas migrate from rock sources and collect in reservoirs
What is a reservoir? - Answer- a porpous and permerable sedimentary rock that stoes
oil and/or gas
What is a trap? - Answer- a reservoir that has an impermeable rock on top
What are the hazards of sedimentary rocks for engineers? - Answer- - bedding planes
can be zones of weakness
- bedding orientation can influence slope stability
- dissolution of limestone can form hazardous karst (e.g. caves, sinkholes)
- other sedimentary rock susceptible to weathering and/or abrasion
What is a karst? - Answer- Karst is a landscape of sinkholes, sinking streams, caves,
springs, formed due to dissolution of limestone
What does "the present is key to the past" really mean? - Answer- The origin of rocks
can be interpreted by observing geological processes happening today
What is the difference between an ocean ridge and an ocean trench? - Answer- Ocean
ridges are boundaries where plates are being created, whereas trenches are
boundaries where plates are being destroyed (subducted)
The tectonic plates make up what layer of the Earth? - Answer- Lithosphere
What layer do the tectonic plates move on? - Answer- Asthenosphere
Was continental drift accepted, why or why not? - Answer- It was dismissed due to the
absence of scientifically supported mechanisms
, When two continental plates collide, which one will be subducted? - Answer- The
continental material of neither is turly subducted and uplift occurs instead (how montain
ranges are formed)
Define Epistomology (18th century) - Answer- Philosophy of knowlegde
We know things from faith, intuition, authority, and obersvations
What is the principle of original horizontality? - Answer- Due to gravity sedimentary
rocks are deposited in horizontal layers
- therefore rock layers above are younger
Can sedimentary rocks be deposited in folds? - Answer- No - folding happens after
deposition
Are igneous intrusions and faults younger than the rocks they intrude? - Answer- True
(magma pushes into already existing rock and then cools and forms the intrusion)
What is the Principle of Lateral Continuity? - Answer- Rock units with similar
characteristics can span very long distances (even if there are breakages)
- correlation also aided when rocks contain the same fossils
What are unconformities? - Answer- Breaks in the geologic record (i.e erosional
surfaces and missing rock in the expected sequence)
- they make the rough/bumpy surfaces
What is the principle of biotic succession? - Answer- Organisms evolved and gone
extinct. So specific fossils succeed others. So fossils fossils can help determine age of
rocks they are in.
What is relative time? - Answer- Age of something relative to another thing.
(comparing rocks, or using the fossil record)
What is absolute time? - Answer- Actual time elapsed (usually in millions of years, for
geologic time)
Define the terms parent, daughter, and half-life in radiometric dating - Answer- Parent:
an unstapbe radioactive isotope
Daughter: stable isotope resulting from the decay of a parent
Half-life: time for half of a radioactive nuclie to decay
Explain Radiometric/Absolute Dating - Answer- Parents trapped in minerals when they
crystallize then decay through time. Ratio of parent to daughter shows the number of
half-lives that have elapsed.
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