Exam 2022 – Topic Always Connected: Key insights in youth, media and technology
University of Amsterdam
Question 1
In the first lecture we discussed different headlines, most headlines were negative.
What type of panic is reflected in these headlines? State the type of panic and give a
short description.
[1 point for correct name, and 1 point for description]
Answer/criteria
[total 2 points]
Moral panic concerns always arise when new technologies enter society. In most
cases these concerns relate to how young people are
negatively influenced by the latest technologies.
Question 2
What is the name of the hypothesis that captures the importance of considering the
age of the child to understand whether media content appeals to them (media
preference)?
Stating the name of this hypothesis is enough, however a full point is only awarded to
the fully correct name of the hypothesis. [1 point]
Answer/criteria
[total 1 point]
Moderate Discrepancy Hypothesis - full point is only awarded to fully correct name of
the hypothesis.
Question 3
What makes the Payne Fund Studies special in the field of youth and media research,
as discussed in the first lecture and chapter 3 of the book Plugged In (Themes and
Theoretical Perspectives)? [2 points]
In addition, briefly explain which specific concerns led to the Payne Fund Studies. [1
point]
1
, Answer/criteria
[total 3 points]
The studies were the first large scale research on media effects among young people
[2 points]
Young people, especially teens, frequently visited cinemas which screened movies
about gangsters who led very lavish lifestyles which adults thought negatively
influenced young people. [1 point]
Question 4
The Minions-movie is very popular among children; the woman on the picture below
named Scarlett Overkill is a world-famous supervillain and the main antagonist in the
Minions movie voiced by Sandra Bullock.
Why would children in early childhood struggle to understand that Scarlett is evil?
Please use your developmental psychology expertise and vocabulary to explain your
answer. [3 points]
Answer/criteria
[total 3 points]
Children’s thinking in early childhood is limited by perceptual boundedness, this
means they judge characters on their outer appearance. This means that evil
characters should have evil features, eg looking scary like a witch. The students
should mention cognitive development or thinking [1 point], use the term perceptual
2
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