This final Take-Home Exam of the course Political Ecologies: Nature, Humans, and Non-Humans consists of two essay questions being answered through the use of academic literature in combination with the additional material being covered in the lectures. (The year 2024)
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Political Ecologies: Nature, Humans and Non-Humans (202200003)
Name: Pim
Student ID number: …
E-mailadres: …
Date: June 20th, 2024
Tutor: M. Bedert
Page numbers: 10
Page 1 of 10
, Question 1
Throughout the semester, we have discussed how living amid multispecies communities
entails different forms of risk and care. How are questions of risk and care put into play in
exploring more-than-human communities? Discuss through specific examples that put any
three of the following readings in conversation.
Exploring more-than-human communities can be brought back to the recent turns taken up in
cultural anthropology, specifically with the animal and the affective turn (Parreñas 2012).
These turns have shaped the way in which humanity is perceived through multispecies
encounters and focus on something more comprehensive than just a human-centered
anthropology of emotions (Saraf 2024b). More-than-human communities refer to the
interconnectedness of different entities within an environment and emphasize recognizing
that humans are just one part of a larger, more complex web of life (Akarsu 2024). When it
comes to beings that cannot speak, feeling and touching are crucial forms of cross-specific
communication (Parreñas 2012). The emergence of multispecies ethnography brings beings
previously relegated to the margins of anthropology into the foreground of study (Saraf
2024b). The core and attributes of humans within studying specific multispecies are being
questioned, resulting in questions on how we as humans relate to other lifeforms (Saraf
2024a). The recent turn in thinking and behaving, when conducting research, supports social
scientists to study the interconnectedness of more-than-human communities effectively and
creates a framework for how risk and care are put into play.
By conducting research within a village called Khalaoyam in West-Papua, Chao
(2022) explores the human-animal relationship between a local community and wild animals
as the result of an expanding oil palm plantation. Parts of the natural forest are being leveled
and burned, resulting in the rescue of a baby cassowary, later named Ruben, who leaves its
wild habitat to live among the villagers (Chao 2022). Like Ruben, there are more cases of
‘wild’ animals in this particular study that once thrived in the forest but now dwell in the
village, depending on humans for their survival and even showing human-like behavior such
as consuming human food. This results in unusual situations for the local community, which
describes those animals as abu-abu, a gray area. Chao (2022) distinguishes between wild
animals capable of living autonomously within multispecies social and ecological networks
and domesticated animals, those who rely on humans regarding their survival (Chao 2022).
On the one hand, community members feel the necessity of caring for the animals that have
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