Samenvatting
Summary of ALL articles for exam GPSP
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Comprehensive summary of the articles needed to learn for the exam GPSP
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Summary articles The Governance and Politics of Social ProblemsBoutellier, J.C.J. (2013). The Improvising Society; Social Order in a Boundless World. The Hague:
Eleven Publishers. Pages 139-168
Core Argument: Improvisation as a Mode of Governance
Boutellier delves deeply into how society adapts to increasing complexity and unpredictability,
focusing on improvisation as a mechanism for maintaining social order. He contends that traditional
societal models, built on strict hierarchies and fixed norms, are giving way to flexible, network-based
systems. This transformation is driven by boundlessness in modern life—characterized by fluid
boundaries in governance, economy, and culture.
1. The Nature of Boundlessness
Loss of Fixed Structures:
Boutellier discusses how globalization, technological advances, and cultural shifts have
eroded the clear boundaries that traditionally defined societal domains. Political, economic,
and social systems now overlap and interact in unpredictable ways.
Implications for Governance:
With this boundlessness, traditional regulatory mechanisms struggle to keep pace, and
institutions must embrace adaptability to address challenges dynamically.
2. Improvisation in Practice
Improvisation Defined:
Boutellier characterizes improvisation as the ability to act spontaneously yet purposively
within a framework of uncertainty. This involves balancing structure and flexibility,
combining planning with real-time problem-solving.
Examples of Improvisation:
He uses concrete examples from governance, business, and civil society to demonstrate
improvisation at work. For instance, local governments creating ad hoc solutions for urban
challenges and businesses experimenting with decentralized decision-making.
3. Trust as the Foundation of Improvisation
Trust as a Social Glue:
In a world where formal rules are often inadequate, trust becomes the foundation of
collaboration and cooperation. Boutellier explores how trust enables actors to navigate
uncertainty together, fostering resilience in the face of disruption.
Trust in Networks:
Networks of individuals and organizations rely on trust to function effectively. Without rigid
hierarchies, these networks depend on shared values, mutual understanding, and open
communication.
4. Impacts on Institutions
Institutional Flexibility:
Boutellier critiques the rigidity of traditional institutions like governments, schools, and
corporations, advocating for more adaptable models that can respond to rapid change.
Decentralization and Collaboration:
He highlights how institutions are increasingly adopting decentralized structures, fostering
collaboration across sectors and disciplines. For example, participatory governance and
cross-sector partnerships are becoming more common.
Accountability Challenges:
The author acknowledges the tension between flexibility and accountability. In
, improvisational systems, it can be harder to pinpoint responsibility, raising ethical and
practical concerns.
5. Cultural Shifts and Ethical Considerations
Cultural Emphasis on Autonomy:
Boutellier notes a cultural trend toward individual autonomy and creativity, which aligns with
the improvisational model. This shift challenges traditional norms of authority and
obedience.
Ethical Dilemmas:
Improvisation, while adaptive, is not without risks. Boutellier raises critical questions about
fairness, power imbalances, and the potential for misuse in systems that prioritize flexibility
over formality.
6. Learning Organizations and Adaptive Strategies
Learning as a Core Competency:
Boutellier emphasizes the importance of continuous learning within organizations.
Improvisational societies require systems that can adapt, learn, and iterate based on
feedback.
Strategic Foresight:
While improvisation relies on spontaneity, Boutellier argues that it must be underpinned by
strategic foresight. Successful improvisation blends immediate responses with long-term
vision.
Case Studies: Success and Failure
Boutellier provides real-world examples that illustrate the application of improvisational principles.
These include:
Urban Planning: Cities adopting flexible zoning policies to address changing demographic
needs.
Corporate Innovation: Companies experimenting with agile management techniques to
foster innovation.
Social Movements: Grassroots organizations improvising responses to crises.
In these examples, Boutellier identifies both the opportunities and pitfalls of improvisation,
highlighting the critical role of leadership and shared values.
Conclusion: The Improvising Society
Boutellier concludes that improvisation is not a temporary or marginal phenomenon but a central
characteristic of modern society. As boundaries continue to blur, societies must embrace
improvisational principles to navigate complexity and maintain order. He underscores the need for:
Balancing Structure and Flexibility: Establishing frameworks that provide stability without
stifling innovation.
Cultivating Trust: Building relationships and networks that enable collective action.
Addressing Ethical Concerns: Ensuring that improvisational systems remain equitable and
accountable.
Reflection and Relevance
This section of Boutellier’s work is particularly relevant in today’s context of rapid technological and
societal change. It challenges readers to rethink traditional notions of governance and adapt to a
world where improvisation is not just a skill but a necessity for survival and success
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