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PSYC 387 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE EXAM AND ACTUAL ANSWERS.

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Behaviorism - Answer The study of how a person's behv is a direct result of their environment (rewards + punishments) Why should ppl be studied from the outside? - Answer 1. Only considers things that can be observed (no introspection) 2. Causes of behv can be directly observed 3. Implie...

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PSYC 387 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE EXAM
AND ACTUAL ANSWERS.
Behaviorism - Answer The study of how a person's behv is a direct result of their environment (rewards
+ punishments)



Why should ppl be studied from the outside? - Answer 1. Only considers things that can be observed
(no introspection)

2. Causes of behv can be directly observed

3. Implies everyone should behave the same in a given situation



Personality is the sum of... - Answer Everything a person does

NOT what is in the mind



Empiricism - Answer All knowledge comes from experience



How did John Locke explain empiricism? - Answer "Tabula rasa"/blank slate



What is true about empiricism at birth? - Answer The mind is essentially empty



Associationism - Answer Many things are associated if they are experienced close together in time



What does associationism explain? - Answer How learning happens



What are the forms of behaviorism? - Answer 1. Habituation

2. Classical conditioning

3. Operant conditioning

4. Punishment

,Habituation - Answer Decrease in responsiveness w/ each repeated exposure to something



During habituation, the simplest form of behv change... - Answer As a result of experience



Dangerous consequences of habituation - Answer It is possible to habituate to violence portrayed in
the media + video games



Affective forecasting in habituation - Answer Winning the lottery + being paralyzed



Classical (pavlovian) conditioning - Answer An unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by one
stimulus becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus



In classical conditioning, one stimulus becomes... - Answer A warning signal for another stimulus



What does classical conditioning affect? - Answer Involuntary processes



What are two results of classical conditioning? - Answer 1. Learned helplessness

2. Stimulus-response (SR) conception of personality



Classical conditioning BEFORE CS - Answer Conditional stimulus (CS) - neutral signal, no emotional
meaning, no response

-EX: the bell



Classical conditioning BEFORE US - Answer Unconditioned stimulus (US) - trigger for hardwired
emotions related to survival

-Reflex = salivation

-EX: dog food



Classical conditioning DURING - Answer CS + US -> reflex/respondent behv

(repeat many times)

, Classical conditioning AFTER - Answer CS (antecedent/trigger) -> conditioned response

-EX: bell -> salivation



Operant conditioning - Answer Behv is shaped by the effect of behv on the environment



What law applies to operant conditioning? - Answer Thorndike's law of effect



What are the techniques of operant conditioning? - Answer 1. Reinforcement

2. Shaping

(By Skinner)



In operant conditioning, ppl are NOT... - Answer Always aware of the causes of their behv



Operant conditioning CHART - Answer



Punishment alternative - Answer Reward a response that is incompatible w/ the one you want to
prevent



Rules of punishment - Answer 1. Apply punishment immediately after the behv + every time it occurs

2. Condition secondary punishing stimuli

3. Avoid mixed messages

4. Availability of alternative responses



What are the dangers of punishment? - Answer 1. It's nearly impossible to use punishment correctly

2. It's difficult to be consistent

3. It's difficult to gauge the severity of punishment

4. Arouses emotion

5. Teaches misuse of power

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