Samenvatting
Summary - Clinical Psychology: Anxiety and Stress (FSWP2-062-A)
- Instelling
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
This is a summary for course 2.6C in second year of Pyschology for clinical.
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Voorbeeld 3 van de 30 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Problem 1 StressStress
Transaction leads a person to perceive discrepancy between
demands of situation and resources
3 Approaches
o Stimulus
Stressors: physical/psychological challenging
events/situations
o Response
Focus is on people’s reactions
Strain: psychological/physiological response to stressor
o Process
Relationship between person and environment
Transactions: continuous interaction and adjustment
with person and environment
Chronic stress: last a long time or occur often, more stress if stressor
frequent, intense, and high in duration
Effect of Stress
o Stress -> cognition
Impaired memory
Stress -> worries/distractions -> low performance
Executive function: manages stress but also impaired
o Stress -> emotion
Emotional states can identify stress
Stress -> fear/phobia
Transactional Model of Stress (Cognitive)
Cognitive appraisal
o Mental process evaluation demand and resources
Primary appraisal
o Assessment of meaning of situation for wellbeing
o 3 judgements: irrelevant, good, stressful
Stressful: harm-loss, threat, challenge
o Appraisal influence stress when vicarious too
Secondary appraisal
o Assessment of resources available
o Stress conditions depend on outcome of appraisal
Factors to stressful appraisal
o High self-esteem, less stress
o More important goal, more stress
o Perfectionism, more stress
o Strong, immediate demand, more stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (Seyle)
Process body goes through during stress
Alarm Reaction (stage 1)
, o Function to mobilize body’s resource
o Fast-acting arousal, sympathetic NS -> activates adrenal gland
-> releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
o HPA axis -> hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> secrete ACTH
-> adrenal gland to release cortisol
Stage of Resistance (stage 2)
o HPA activation predominates
o Ability to resist new stressor impaired
o Disease of adaption
Stage of Exhaustion (stage 3)
o Prolonged arousal -> long term stress -> weakens immune
system
Allostatic Load
o Effects of body having to adapt repeatedly to stressors that
accumulate over time
Sources of Stress
Gender/social cultural differences
o Women
More stress -> more experienced + more willing to
admit
Tend and befriend
o Men
More reactivity, more time to return to baseline
o Minority group
Lower income (education)
Sources within people
o Illness -> age-dependent
o Conflict -> depends on stakes
o Motives -> rejection isolation
Familial sources
o Addition to family, marital strain/divorce, illness, death
Community sources
o Job
Workload, evaluation, responsibility
Physical environment
Perceived control
o Environment
Healthcare, social relationships
Measuring Stress
Types of Stress
o Eustress: good stress -> heightens performance
o Distress: bad stress
Polygraph
o Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
Biochemical analyses of blood, urine, saliva
Life events
o SRRS (social readjustment rating scale)
, Wide range, easy, vague
Daily hassles
o Hassle scales: annoyance
o Uplift scales: nicer things
Interaction (emotion and cognition)
Fear conditioning (pavlovian conditioning)
o CS: conditioned stimulus
o US: unconditioned stimulus
o UR: unconditioned response
o Conditioned repones
Acquisition: UR -> CR
Extinction: unpairing CR with CS
Pathways
Low road
o Faster
o Thalamus -> amygdala
o No conscious control
High road
o Slower
o Thalamus -> sensory cortex -> amygdala
o Carefully analyzed
Role of Amygdala/Hippocampus
Amygdala
o Response to stimuli that are implicitly aversive (fearful)
Learning through behavioral response
Emotionally aversive
Hippocampus
o Explicit memory of stimulus being aversive (recall)
o Knowledge obtained about negativity but no emotion
Biopsychological Aspects
Physiological reaction
o Increased heart rate, sympathetic NS & endocrine system
Reactivity
o Physiological aspect of the response to a stressor/strain
o Measured through comparison against baseline level of
arousal
o Influenced by genetic and chronic stress
Fight-or-Flight response
o Reaction preparing organism to attack or flee the danger
Causes sympathetic NS to stimulate organs directly,
adrenal gland -> epinephrine
Harmful if prolonged
Stress Response
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