Samenvatting
Samenvatting - Celbiologie en immunologie (AB_1132)
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Deeltentamen 1College Chapter Subject # Onthoud Begrijpe Toepass
vragen en n en
1 1-3 Innate 12 6 6 0
immunity
2 5,7 T cell 12 5 6 1
developme
nt
3 5,8 T cell 12 5 7 0
immunity
WG 5,8 AGP 4 0 2 2
40 16 21 3
IMM1: Innate immune system
Introduction:
In order for your immune system to work it needs to be able to
differentiate between self and non-self AND harmless and harmful cells. When
the non-self and harmful cells are detected they need to be removed.
Self-harmless: our own cells and organs that act normally.
When this doesn't work properly you get auto-immune diseases.
Self-harmful: cancer cells -> they multiply really fast and that is why they're so
dangerous.
Non self-harmless: microbiome, animals. If you react to these, you are allergic
Non self-harmful: pathogens
When there is a dysbalance in your immune system, you get sick. This can be
caused by:
- Your immune system attacking self-harmless cells; auto-immune disease
- Your immune system not attacking self-harmful cells (cancerous) and
them developing over time. When they don’t attack on time or not at all, it
can lead to allergies or death.
Part I: immune system & defence
Goal: To know the components of the immune system
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
What is the function of these components in immunity?
,Lines of defence
The immune system has different lines of defence:
1. Innate immunity (epithelial barrier, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
etc…)
- Acts within hours, but doesn’t remember what it attacks
2. Adaptive immunity (B and T cells)
- Acts within days. Doesn’t develop until after you get sick. It does
remember what is has attacked so that the second time that pathogens
enters your body it can act quicker.
1st line
The first line of defence is are physical barriers; (don’t need to learn the
specifics)
The skin is an epithelial barrier, that means
that is consist of a line made out of cells. This
physically stops bacteria’s from entering the
body. When there is a cut in the skin bacteria
enter your body. The respiratory tracks(mouth,
nose, throat and lungs) are covered in mucus
that lead the bacterias to a specialised tissue
that secrete antimicrobial substances that kill
bacteria, fungi and viruses.
2nd line
The innate immune system forms the second line of defence. It is located within
your white blood cells. It’s always on and works when you have an inflammation.
Some qualities of the innate immune system are:
- Rapid response within hours
- Fixed; it has a set way of responding and uses that every time while
fighting
- Limited number of specificities: it has a limited number of attackers that it
can recognise and it doesn’t recognise mutations
- Constant during the course of response: it’s way of responding doesn’t get
stronger of weaker over time, but stays the same.
Examples of the innate immune system are:
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Complement system
- NK cells
Molecules that play a big part in the innate immune system are cytokines and
chemokines, they interact with receptors.
Cytokines: a signal molecule for activation
Chemokines: a signal molecule for migration. It does this by making a route for
the immune cells so that they know where they are needed (google maps)
, 3rd line
The third line of defence is the adaptive immune system. Its also located in your
white blood cells. Qualities of the adaptive immune system are:
- Slow response: takes days to weeks (this is only with
the first infection. After that it recognize things faster),
the reason is because it is has a variable region that
needs to get cloned numerous times so that they are
enough to fight the pathogen.
- Variable: doesn’t have a fixed way of responding to
things like the innate immune system.
- Numerous highly selective specificities: recognises a
specific part of a pathogen (NOT THE WHOLE
PATHOGEN)
- Improve during the course of response: its way of
responding gets stronger as the infection is
proceeding.
The important difference between innate and adaptive immunity is in the
receptors that lymphocytes use to recognize pathogens.
Examples of the adaptive immune system are:
- B-cells: are developed in the Bone marrow
- T-cells: are developed in the Thymus (murder university)
The B and T-cells are not yet activated in the primary lymph organs (bone
marrow and thymus ) but in the secondary lymph organs (lymph nodes, spleen
and Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues (GALT)).
Primary lymphoid organs: Bone marrow and Thymus, this is where the B- and T-
cells are created. They are called lymphocytes.
Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and certain tissue.
When DC take up an antigen, they travel to the closest lymph node and activate
the naïve T-cells and adaptive immune system.
T-cells are cellular while B-cells are humoral. This
means that T-cells need another cell to bind to the
pathogen while B-cells can directly bind to the
pathogen. T-cells kill through phagocytose
T-cells can be categorized in CD8+ and CD4+ T-
cells.
CD8+ (MHC I): is cytotoxic and kills cells
CD4+ (MHC II): has many types and can help
activate or dampen immune responses.
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