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Summary AP Human Geography Unit 4 Identity/Political Geography
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AP Human Geography Unit 4 Identity/Political Geography unit summary and practice questions.
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Unit 4 Study GuideIdentity
Regional Clustering
● Hispanic or Latino
○ Gravity Model: The closer a place is to another, the more
likely it is that people will migrate between those places
○ Many of the places with a large clustering of hispanics or
latinos are near Latin America
○ As barrioization occurs, the buildings and landscape
changes as “traditional Hispanic housescape”
● African American
○ Great Migration: the migration of African American
SOutherners to escape racial violence, pursue economic and
educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow
○ Ghettos: the term for the expansion of African American
Neighborhoods used by Northern cities
○ Clustered in Southeast because of the history of slavery,
Southeast historically approved of slavery
● Asian American
○ California is higher concentrated because it is the closest
country to Asia
● Native American
○ Reservations: land held and concentrated by Native
Americans, governed by a federally recognized tribal nation
Racial Segregation
, ● Racial Segregation: when 2 or more groups live separately from one another
● Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
○ Developed the separate but equal doctrine -> allowed Jim Crow Laws -> Ex. black had
to sit in the back of the bus, and businesses choose to serve only white, separate
schools were established for blacks and white
● Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
○ Overturned the segregation laws, the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in
public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional
● Restrictive Covenants: prevented homeowners from selling their houses to blacks (also
excluded Roman Catholics/Jews)
● Racial Segregation that impacted Spatial Patterns
○ White Fight: the emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of black
immigration
○ Blockbusting: real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area
to sell house at low price and move
Gender
● Gender: culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women and their
characteristics, the roles that they play in society
● In poor countries women are seen as financial supporters of family
○ Migrate from rural area to cities, and earn a wage that is sent home to support
schooling of younger siblings (urbanization)
○ Temporarily emigrate to work as domestics (cooking, cleaning) in order to send money
home (remittances, guest workers)
● Gendered Space: places seen as appropriate for women or for men
● In census, minority populations are undercounted -> household work is reserved for women
and this work does not contribute to the productivity of the state’s economy ( ⅓ of GNI
would increase if this work was included)
● Why are young girls often stuck in the cycle of female poverty and overwork?
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