Samenvatting
Summary- Social psychology
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
The summary includes lecture videos, slides and all the additional important terms from the book.
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Social psychologyChapter 1
Social psychology —> the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings and
behavior are influenced by the presence of others.
The goal of social psychology is to identify properties of human nature that make almost everyone
susceptible to social influence, regardless of social class or culture.
People are influenced by the real (explicit) to imagined (implicit) presence of others.
Social influence—> the effect that the words, actions or the mere presence of other people have on
our thoughts, feelings, attitudes or behavior.
While clinical psychology and personality psychology focuses on individual differences, so the
individual on its own, social psychology focuses on the individual in a social context.
Social psychology is collocated between sociology, they share an interest in the way the situation
and the larger society influences behavior and personality psychology, they share an interest in the
individual’s psychology.
Social psychologists try to get a sense of the individual’s construal of a social situation.
Construal—> the way in which people perceive, comprehend and interpret the social world.
They also try to reduce the fundamental attribution error.
Fundamental attribution error—> the tendency to overestimate the extent in which people’s
behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors.
PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
● EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE—> social behavior is explained in terms of genetic factors
that are adapted over the centuries to improve chances of survival and reproduction
○ Natural selection—> the process in which important features that are beneficial for
survival are passed onto offspring (guppy experiment)
● SOCIAL-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE—> social behavior is explained in terms of the influence
of larger social groups
○ Cross-cultural research—> researchers are interested in whether on variable is
different between members of certain groups
● SOCIAL-LEARNING PERSPECTIVE—> social behavior is explained in terms of learning
experiences in the past that predict the future behavior
○ Interaction between perspective—> people are prone to show behaviors that they
have witnessed in role models (language is an example)
,THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETATION
Behaviorism was a school of psychology that maintained that to understand human behavior, one
need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment. Skinner was the pioneer of
behaviorism.
Gestalt psychology was a school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective
way in which an object appears in people’s minds rather than the objective, physical attributes of
the object, they were the first to introduce construal. People can experience social situations
differently because the whole is different from the sum of the parts.
Naïve realism is the conviction that we perceive things as they really are, if other people say things
differently, it must be because they are biased.
Kurt Lewin talks about the formula that determines our behavior B f (P x E)
● Situation x environment—> where you grow up?
● Person x situation—> presence of others, norms…
● Situation x person—> situation change for the behavior of one person
BASIC HUMAN MOTIVES
Social psychologists emphasize the importance of two central motives:
● Self-enhancement motive—> the need to feel good about ourselves
● Accuracy motive—> the need to be accurate
SELF-ENHANCEMENT MOTIVE (THE SELF-ESTEEM MOTIVE)
Some people need to maintain their self-esteem ( people’s evaluation of their own self-worth)
reasonably high.
● Suffering and self-justification—> we are motivated to maintain a positive picture of
ourselves, in part. By justifying our behavior under certain circumstances, this lead us to do
things that are paradoxical (fraternity example)
ACCURACY MOTIVE (THE SOCIAL COGNITION MOTIVE)
Researchers begin with the assumption that all people try to view the world as accurately as
possible.
● Expectation about the social world—> our expectation can change the nature of the social
world
We are well able to interpret and change social situations in a way we are either protecting our self
esteem and being accurate—> Illusions
ILLUSION
● Better than average
● Unrealistic optimistic
● False consensus effect (overestimate your bad traits)
● False uniqueness effect (underestimate your good traits)
, Chapter 2
The problems of social psychology are:
● IMAGE—> social psychology is just common sense?
○ Hindsight bias—> the tendency of people to exaggerate, after knowing that
something occurred, how much they could have predicted it before it occurred
(people think they can easily predict the outcomes of a study)
● BAD RESEARCH PRACTICE—> problems with fraud and bad methods
○ Replication studies—> very famous research were repeated (replication crisis—> the
outcomes were not the same)
Moving forward bad research:
● Replication (repeating a study, often with different subject population or in different
settings)
● Meta-analysis (a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more
studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable)
● Open science (pre-registration)
● UNETHICAL RESEARCH—> research that do not follow the ethical rules (Zimbaldo,Milgram)
Moving forward unethical research:
● Informed consent (agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full
awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance)
● Avoid deception (misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the
events that will actually transpire)
● Protect participants
● Confidentiality
● Debriefing (explaining to participants, at the end of an experiment, the true purpose
of the study and exactly what transpired)—> Institutional Review Board (IRB)—>
a group made up of at least one scientist, one non scientist, and one member not
affiliated with the institution that reviews all psychological research at that
institution and decides whether it meets ethical guidelines; all research must be
approved by the IRB before it is conducted
FORMULATING THEORIES AND HYPOTHESIS
● Inspiration from earlier theories and research
● Hypothesis based on personal observation
RESEARCH DESIGN
There are three types of methods for social psychology:
● Observational method—>the technique whereby a researcher observes people and
systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior.
○ Ethnography—> the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group
or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived
notions they might have. In ethnography it is important to establish inter judge
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