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Summary Inequality and Change in Societal Participation
Summary Inequality and Change in Societal Participation
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Summary Inequality and Change in Societal ParticipationModernization and Postmodernization. Richard Inglehart ...................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1. Value Systems: The Subjective Aspect of Politics and Economics. ................................................. 2
Chapter 3: Modernization and Postmodernization in 43 countries ..................................................................... 5
Chapter 5 The Sift toward Postmaterialist Values, 1970 – 1944 ........................................................................ 6
Chapter 8: The Rise of New Issues and New Parties .......................................................................................... 7
Chapter 10: The Erosion of Institutional Authority and the Rise of Citizen Intervention in Politics ................. 8
Communist Manifesto. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ........................................................................................ 9
Perceived blood transfusion safety: a cross-European comparison. Merz, Zijlstra and de Kort ........................... 10
Income inequality and health: A causal review. Pickett and Wilkinson ............................................................... 10
Embedded Altruism: Blood Collection Regimes and the European Union’s Donor Population. Healy. .............. 11
Changes in the Determinants of Volunteering: Participation and Time Investment Between 1975 and 2005 in the
Netherlands. Van Ingen and Dekker ..................................................................................................................... 11
Voice and Equality introduction. Verba and Schlozman ...................................................................................... 12
Education and democratic citizenship in America. Nie, Junn And Stehlik-Barry ................................................ 13
Education and political participation. Persson ...................................................................................................... 14
The Pursuit of Differences in Prosociality Among Identical Twins. Bekkers, Posthuma and Van Lange ............ 15
Shared Environment Estimates for Educational Attainment. Freese and Hao. ..................................................... 15
Genes, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes. Papageorge and Thom. ............................................................ 17
Opportunity begets merit: Mobility and heritability in education Perr Engzell .................................................... 18
Education can reduce health difference related to genetic risk of obesity Silvia Barcellos .................................. 18
Statistical analysis basics ...................................................................................................................................... 19
1
,Modernization and Postmodernization. Richard Inglehart
Deep-rooted changes in mass worldviews are reshaping economic, political, and socials life.
This book examines changes in political and economic goals, religious norms, and family
values, and it explores how these changes affect economic growth rates, political party
strategies, and the prospects for democratic institutions.
Chapter 1. Value Systems: The Subjective Aspect of Politics and
Economics.
The process of economic development leads to two successive trajectories, Modernization, and
Postmodernization. The central claim modernization theory is that economic, cultural, and
political change go together in coherent patterns that are changing the world in predictable
ways. Industrialization, for example, tends to bring increasing urbanization, growing
occupational specialization, bureaucratization, higher levels of formal education, and rising
levels of mass political participation in any society that undertakes it. After the industrial
revolution, economic accumulation (for individuals) and economic growth (for societies)
became the top priorities for an increasing part of the world’s population. The increasing
emphasis on individual economic achievement was one of the crucial changes that made
Modernization possible. This shift towards Materialistic priorities entailed a de-emphasis on
communal obligations and an acceptance of social mobility. Social status became something an
individual could achieve. Economic growth was seen as the hallmark of a successful society. A
shift from religious to rational-bureaucratic authority is occurring, justified by the claims that
the governing institutions were conducive to the general good.
Economic determinism (Marx); Society’s technological level shapes economic system
determines cultural and political characteristics. Impact of culture (Weber) Culture can shape
economic behavior, as well as being shaped by it. Protestantism → rise of capitalism →
industrial and democratic revolution.
Inglehart’s book differs in four ways of other Modernization theorists:
1: Change is not linear. Eventually, a point of diminishing returns will be reached, and a society
will move towards a fundamentally new direction (Postmodernization).
2: Causal linkages tend to be reciprocal. Unless these systems are mutually supportive, they are
unlikely to survive.
3: Modernization is a global process, and therefore not Westernization.
4: Democracy is not inherent in the Modernization phase. It does become more likely as
societies move beyond the Modernization phase into Postmodernization
In the past few decades, advanced industrialized societies have moved through an inflection
point, from the Modernization phase into a Postmodernization phase. After economic security
was reached, eventually diminishing returns from economic growth led to a Postmodern shift
that is some ways constitutes the decline of Protestant Ethic. Advanced industrialized societies
are now changing their socio-political trajectories in two fundamental aspects:
1: Value System. The emphasis on economic achievement is now giving way to an increasing
emphasis on quality of life. There is a broad latitude for individual choice of lifestyle, self-
expression, and quality of life concerns. Post-Materialists do not place a negative value on
economic and physical security, they value it positively. But unlike Materialists, they give
higher priority to self-expression and quality of life. Postmodern also stand for openness to
ethnic diversity and changing gender roles.
2
, 2: Institutional structure. We are reaching limits to the development of hierarchical bureaucratic
organizations that helped create a modern society. They made the industrial revolution and the
modern state possible. But they have come to a turning point for two reasons. First, they are
reaching limits in their functional effectiveness; and second, they are reaching limits in their
mass acceptability.
Why is the value shift occurring in Postmodern times? This shift in worldview and motivations
springs from the fact that there is a fundamental difference between growing up with the
awareness that survival is precarious, and growing up with the feeling that one’s survival can
be taken for granted. In advanced industrial societies during the decades since WW 2, the
emergence of unprecedentedly high levels of prosperity (welvaart), together with the relatively
high levels of social security provided by the welfare state, have contributed to the decline in
the prevailing sense of vulnerability. This has been conducive to the spread of Postmodern
orientations that place less emphasis on cultural norms. Especially those norms that limit self-
expression.
Is the modernization concept ethnocentric? No. Today, almost every society has at least begun
to industrialize, within the next century most of humanity will live in predominantly urban
industrialized societies. It is not a more admirable way of living, but it’s a clear shift.
The Theory of Intergenerational Value Change is based on two key hypotheses:
1: A scarcity Hypothesis. An individual’s priorities reflect the socioeconomic environment: one
places the greatest subjective value on things that are relatively short on supply.
2: A socialization hypothesis. The relationship between socioeconomic environment and value
priorities is not one of immediate adjustment. A substantial time lag is involved because one’s
basic values reflect the conditions that prevailed during one’s pre-adult years. The process of
human development never comes to a stop, but seems too far more rapid during the pre-adult
years than afterward.
Taken together, these two hypotheses generate a clear set of predictions concerning
value change. First, while scarcity hypothesis implies that prosperity is conducive to the spread
of Postmaterialist and Postmodern values, the socialization hypothesis implies that neither an
individual’s values nor those of a society as a whole are likely to change overnight. Instead,
fundamental value change takes place gradually, largely it occurs as a younger generation
replaces an older one as the adult population of a society.
Ironically, as survival has become unprecedentedly secure, the peoples of advanced
industrialized societies have become increasingly sensitive to risk. Indeed, one of the most
influential critics (Beck) of postmodern society characterizes it as Risk Society. It is ironic, nut
logical. Because it is precise because the risk of starvation has receded almost to the vanishing
point that people have been able to redirect their concerns from pervasive daily uncertainty
concerning survival to more remote concerns such as the ecological crisis, development of
nuclear technology and genetic research.
In societies undergoing historical crisis, a phenomenon has been observed called the
Authoritarian reflex. Rapid change leads to severe insecurity, giving rise to a powerful need
for predictability. Under these circumstances, the Authoritarian Reflex takes two forms. First,
fundamentalist or nativist reactions. The reaction to change takes the form of rejection of the
new, and a compulsive insistence on the infallibility of the old, familiar cultural patterns.
Secondly, adulation of strong secular leaders. Severe insecurity in secular society brings a
readiness to defer to strong secular leaders, in hopes that superior men of iron will lead their
people to safety.
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