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Glossary Introduction to Ancient History (GE1V16005)
Glossary Introduction to Ancient History (GE1V16005)
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ConceptsIrrigated agriculture
Irrigated agriculture is an intensive agricultural method that uses artificial
water supplies, especially in dry areas such as Sumeria and Egypt where
natural rainfall is insufficient. This method, which can be capital- and
labor-intensive, produces good yields and supports dense populations.
Historically, irrigated agriculture required collective organization and
centralized authority, which Karl Wittfogel described as a "hydraulic
society" because of the hierarchical structures necessary to manage water
resources.
Knossos
Knossos, an archaeological site on Crete, is the largest palace of the
Minoan civilization, excavated by Arthur Evans between 1900 and 1931.
Inhabited since around 7000 BC, Knossos reached its peak in the Bronze
Age and was destroyed around 1450 BC. The palace may be the labyrinth
of the mythical King Minos. Finds include the statue of the Serpent
Goddess and the Prince of the Lilies. Evans controversially restored parts
of the palace using concrete and steel.
Linear B script
Linear B is a script discovered by archaeologist Arthur Evans in 1900 at
Knossos, Crete. It records an early form of the Greek language,
Mycenaean, and includes syllabic signs and ideograms for objects and
measurements. Linear B probably evolved from Linear A around the 15th
century BC and was used for administrative purposes in Mycenaean
palaces on Crete and mainland Greece. Michael Ventris successfully
deciphered the script in the 1950s.
Debt-bound / debtor
Those who could not repay a debt could end up in a form of dependency
that resembled slavery for a certain period of time. That is why they were
also called debt slaves. They had to work for their creditor and thus repay
their debt through the result of their labor. The legal position of these
dependents was often poorly defined, which meant that debt bondage
could sometimes continue for more than a generation.
Mycenae
Mycenae, an ancient Greek city located in Argolis, was the center of
Mycenaean civilization around 1400-1200 BC. Ruled by absolute
monarchs, Mycenae developed into a rich culture, with impressive
fortresses and the famous Lion Gate. Mycenae figured prominently in
mythological stories, such as those of Agamemnon and the Trojan War.
The city was eventually destroyed by the Dorians around 1150 BC and lost
its influence. Archaeological finds are now housed in the National
Archaeological Museum in Athens.
Redistribution economy
, Economic system in which the state (temple or palace) determined prices
and trade from above. It is a system characterized by the autocratic state
in which a king owned all the land and the people lived in village
communities. The people lived from the produce of the land and gave the
rest to the monarch, who then divided it into those who supported him (for
example, favoritism, his subjects, etc.)
Ostracism
Ostracism was an Athenian democratic procedure whereby political
leaders who became too powerful could be banished for ten years.
Citizens would write the name of the leader in question on a shard (
ostrakon ) in the popular assembly. The person with the most votes was
banished, but retained his property and civil rights. This served to limit
political dissension. Around 415 BC, ostracism fell into disuse.
Homer
Homer, a Greek poet who lived around 800–750 BCE, wrote the Iliad and
the Odyssey, major epic poems that tell heroic legends and myths from
Greek culture. Although his identity and existence are disputed, Homer is
often considered the author of these works. The poems, believed to have
originated in present-day Turkey or the Aegean Sea, have had a lasting
influence on Western literature and culture.
Phalanx
The phalanx was an ancient Greek infantry formation, used primarily by
hoplites , who stood in close ranks with spears and shields. It was used
primarily in mountain passes and played a crucial role in the Greco-
Persian Wars. Macedonia, under King Philip II, refined the phalanx with
longer spears, making it more deadly but less maneuverable. The
formation fell from importance when it was defeated by the more agile
Roman legions at Pydna in 168 BC.
Tyrannus
In ancient Greece, tyrants ruled as sole rulers from the 7th century BC
onwards, often by coup d'état and with the support of militias. They
consolidated their power by promoting trade and cultural flourishing and
could count on the support of the lower classes. Well-known tyrants were
Peisistratos in Athens and Polycrates of Samos. Later, the term "tyrant"
acquired a negative connotation, partly due to philosophers such as Plato
and Aristotle who emphasised the dangers of absolute power.
Helot
The Helots were the original inhabitants around Sparta who were
subjugated and enslaved by the Spartans so that they could provide for
the agriculture and subsistence of the city. From the 7th century BC
onwards, they were severely oppressed and sometimes killed in rituals
such as the Krypteia . Revolts, especially in Messenia, were common.
Although some writers described them as slaves, their exact status
remains a matter of historical debate.
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