College aantekeningen
Summary Laboratory Animal Sciences (LAS course)
- Vak
- LAS
- Instelling
- Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Contains all the notes of lectures and e-modules, so it is a complete summary for the test.
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Voorbeeld 4 van de 67 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
COURSE ON LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCESINTRODUCTION TO LAS COURSE – Miriam Kool
Module Intro & 2
Multidisciplinary science contributing to quality of science and animal studies; health and
wellbeing of laboratory animals and public acceptance of animal studies
Main aims of the course
• Attitude building
o Do you really need laboratory animals?
o Use laboratory animals in respectful way
o Ethical evaluation of animal experiments
• Understand and implement the 3Rs principles
• Design an animal experiment that:
o Has scientifically reliable and useful results
o Considers animal welfare and minimizes animal discomfort
Legislation
• Men discovered that animals could tell something about the human body, which caused the
number of animals experiments to increase enormously. Due to legislation, rules and laws
the number decreased.
• Move from short experiment with little data to longer experiment with more data with the
same amount of animals
• No legal base for using animals for education and training
3R’s
• Replacement is “any scientific method employing non-sentient material which may replace
methods which use conscious living vertebrates”.
• Reduction is a means of “lowering the number of animals used to obtain information of a
given amount and precision”
o We usually prefer more animals, but low discomfort instead of less animals, but higher
discomfort. But this depends on what you are doing, sometimes you can be better have
higher discomfort if that gives you a lot more information.
• Refinement is the set of measures undertaken to “decrease in the incidence or severity of
procedures applied to those animals which have to be used”.
Designing
• Design systematic reviews (SR)
o SR steps: phrase the RQ -> search for all evidence -> select relevant studies -> extract
characteristics (species, sex, dose, etc.) -> assess study quality -> data meta-analysis
o Based on evidence-based medicine methodology
• Design randomization and blinding
• Design PreClinical Trails
o Prevent that other people do it again, so report your experiment before you start. Also
important for keeping on your experiment design.
,Reporting
• Reporting PREPARE guidelines: how to plan your animal experiments for that you can report
the results at the right way
• Reporting ARRIVE guidelines: how to publish your results of animal experiments
Translatability and reproducibility
• Animal models are limited in their ability to translate to humans: of the drugs that have
proved promising in animal trials, 86-90% fail in human trials
• Make your experiment so, that chances of translatability and reproducibility are the highest
EXPLANATION GROUP ASSIGNMENT – Miriam Kool
Module 10 & 11
Legal framework
AWB meeting
• Meeting with submitting researcher, AWB member, biostatistician, veterinarian if needed
• Obligatory before experimental work can commence
• Content and execution of the protocols are discussed
• Main goals:
o Responsibilities are clear to all people involved
o Information is sufficient to allow proper execution and inspection
o Protocol is in accordance with project license
o Data for legal registration are complete and correct
Aims
You write work protocols that…
• Are in line with the project license
• Fully meet the requirements of the 3R’s
o Animals discomfort is minimized by proper implementation of anesthesia, analgesia
and a fitting method of euthanasia
o All sources of discomfort are described and options to reduce the discomfort are
implemented where possible
o Humane endpoints are clearly described and formulated in a SMART way
o Options to reduce the number of animals is implemented where possible
• Are sufficiently detailed
o Protocol provides all information for researchers and biotechnicians to know exactly
what needs to be done, how, when and by whom
• Statistically justify animal numbers
, o The correct number of animals is calculated by means of a correctly executed power
analysis
• Have a clear and correct experimental setup
o The experiment is properly randomized and blinded
o The choice of experimental and control groups is well suited to answer the research
question
Also, you critically assess other work protocols on each of these aspects and you actively
participate in an AWB-meeting (simulation), asking and responding to questions in a critical yet
respectful way.
ETHICS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION – Dirk Hilbers
Module 2
Introduction
• Ethics: study (analysis) of moral judgements (right-wrong claims) and moral dilemmas
(cases in which there is no clear ‘right-thing-to-do’)
• Ethics can be:
o Descriptive (who says what and with what grounds)
o Normative (building a solid argumentation for a right-wrong statement)
o Evaluative (providing a method to weigh possible actions)
• Three fundamental ethical questions
o 1. Are animal experiments morally permissible at all?
▪ Moral status, extrapolation
o 2. If so, which animal experiments are allowed and which not?
▪ Alternatives, harm-benefit
o 3. How should the experimental design be assessed the ethical evaluation?
▪ Experimental design, public communication
(1) Moral status of animals
• Ill-treating animals is morally wrong (solely) because it might offend the feeling of onlookers
and thereby outrage public decency -> I agree with conclusion but not with the reason
o The animal is instrumental -> humans only thing that matter → anthropocentrism
• Antropocentrism: only humans are morally relevant (have intrinsic value). Animals (may)
have only instrumental value.
• Zoocentrism: animals are all morally relevant (in so much as they have the capacity to
suffer)
Antropocentrism arguments
• Humans have naturally (or God-given) a higher status than animals
o Scala naturae: God given objective true about what is more important than something
else: God -> angel -> heaven -> human -> beast -> plant -> flame -> stone
• Humans are the only being that are rational (seeing cause and effect and weighing effects)
• Humans are the only being able to communicate and come to agreements
• Humans are the only being with a soul (animals are merely machines)
• Animals are not capable of suffering (at least not in the meaningful way that humans are)
Zoocentrism arguments
• Zoocentric argument from capacity to suffer by Peter Singer (1975):
o P1: Physical response that accompanies pain, stress, but also joy and pleasure is
similar in animals and humans
, o P2: Premise 1 is logical from evolutionary point-of-view (function of e.g. pain)
o C1: Animals must feel pain as humans do
o P3: All our ethics focusses on avoiding pain / stress and seeking joy pleasure
▪ This isn’t true…
o C2: Our ethics must cover non-human animals
• Zoocentric argument from capacity to suffer by Tom Regan (1983)
o Subject of life (meaningful): beliefs, desires, perception, memory, sense of future,
emotional life AND feelings of pain and pleasure
o ‘A sense that their life fares ill or well, indepenantly of their being an object of anyone
else’s interests’
▪ Important for themselves
▪ Even if you don't hurt the animals, you must still respect the 'subject of life'
Zoocentric strickes back at antropocentrism
• Zoocentric argument from marginal class
• Rationality as an argument for an anthropocentric worldview is inconsistent
o Many people are not rational (e.g. babies, demented elderly)
o People as such are not nearly as rational as we thought they are
o Animals are not nearly as irrational as we thought they are
• Animal rights based on:
o Capacity to suffer of animals
o Integrity of life (being subject-of-a-life)
o Not granting rights would be more ‘speciesism’
Antropocentrism strickes back at zoocentrism
• Argument of degree: suffering and being-subject-of-a-life are matters of degree, not kind
• Discounting argument by Brody: There is a difference between saying that human beings
matter more than animals do and human beings matter more to human beings than animal
matter to human beings
o To human beings, the moral status of animals is discounted in relation to that of human
o Note, this moves away from an observer-neutral ethic to an observer-specific ethic
Policy of animal testing
• Animals some moral status, but humans higher status (in the law)
• Testing on animals is always morally problematic but not necessarily morally rejectable
o ‘Prohibited unless’-ruling (nee, tenzij… beleid)
• Testing is prohibited unless the institutions say otherwise
• Ethical consensus is not an objective truth. In democratic society – public must be informed
Five freedoms
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behaviour
• Freedom from fear and distress
➔ Something is only an animal experiment if it has a scientific goal and inflicts one of these
freedoms (e.g. observational experiments)
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