This is the summary for test 2 of psychopathology and psychodiagnostics. The summary includes all the materials you have to know for the exam. It includes 4 chapter of the book psychopathology, 5 chapters of the book psychological diagnostics in health care, 3 chapters of biopsychology, 2 chapter f...
Inhoud
Chapter 6: anxiety and stressor- related problems......................................7
6.1 Anxiety as comorbid condition............................................................8
6.2 specific phobias..................................................................................8
6.2.1 prevalence....................................................................................8
6.2.2 common phobias..........................................................................9
6.2.3 the aetiology of specific phobias..................................................9
6.2.4 the treatment of specific phobias...............................................10
6.3 social anxiety disorder......................................................................10
6.3.2 the aetiology of social anxiety disorder......................................11
6.3.3 the treatment of social anxiety disorder.....................................11
6.4 panic disorder and agoraphobia.......................................................12
6.4.1 panic disorder.............................................................................12
6.4.2 agoraphobia................................................................................12
6.4.3 prevalence & 6.4.4 the aetiology of panic disorders and
agoraphobia.........................................................................................13
6.4.5 the treatment of panic disorder..................................................14
6.5 generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)..................................................15
6.5.3 the aetiology of generalised anxiety disorder............................15
6.5.4 the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder...........................16
6.6 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)..............................................17
6.6.1 diagnosis and prevalence...........................................................17
6.6.2 OCD-Related Disorders...............................................................18
6.6.3 the aetiology of obsessive compulsive disorders........................18
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, 6.6.4 the treatment of OCD.................................................................20
6.7 Trauma and stress-related disorders................................................21
6.7.1 diagnosis and prevalence of trauma and stress related disorders
.............................................................................................................21
6.7.2 the aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorder..........................23
6.7.3 the treatment of PTSD................................................................25
Chapter 13: somatic symptom disorders...................................................26
13.1 the diagnosis and characteristics of somatic symptom disorders. .26
13.1.1 somatic symptom disorder.......................................................26
13.1.2. illness anxiety disorder............................................................27
13.1.3 conversion disorder..................................................................27
13.1.4 factitious disorder.....................................................................28
13.2 the aetiology of somatic symptom disorder....................................28
13.2.1 psychodynamic interpretations................................................28
13.2.2 consciousness and behaviour...................................................29
13.2.3 risk factors for somatic symptom disorders..............................29
13.2.4 learning approaches.................................................................29
13.2.5 cognitive factors.......................................................................30
13.2.6 sociocultural approaches..........................................................31
13.2.7 biological factors.......................................................................32
13.3 the treatment of somatic symptom disorders.................................32
13.3.1 psychodynamic therapy............................................................32
13.3.2 behaviour therapy....................................................................32
13.3.3 cognitive behaviour therapy.....................................................32
13.3.4 Drugs treatments......................................................................33
Chapter 9: substance use disorder............................................................34
9.1 defining and diagnosing substance use disorders............................34
9.2 the prevalence and comorbidity of substance use disorders............36
9.3 characteristics of specific substance abuse disorders......................37
9.3.1 alcohol use disorder....................................................................37
9.3.2 tobacco use disorder..................................................................39
9.3.3 cannabis use disorder.................................................................40
9.3.4 stimulant use disorder................................................................42
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, 9.3.5 sedative use disorders................................................................44
9.3.6 hallucinogenic related disorders.................................................46
9.4 the aetiology of substance use disorders.........................................47
9.4.1 experimentation.........................................................................48
9.4.3 regular use..................................................................................49
9.4.3 abuse and dependence...............................................................50
9.5 the treatment of substance use disorders........................................51
9.5.1 community-based programmes..................................................51
9.5.2 behavioural therapies.................................................................52
9.5.3 cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT)..........................................52
9.5.4 family and couples therapy........................................................53
9.5.5 biological treatments..................................................................53
Chapter 15: neurocognitive disorders........................................................54
15.1 the diagnosis and assessment of neurocognitive disorders............55
15.1.1 cognitive impairments in neurocognitive disorders..................55
15.1.2 assessment in clinical neuropsychology...................................56
15.1.3 the diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders................................57
15.2 treatment and rehabilitation for neurocognitive disorders.............65
15.2.1 biological treatments................................................................65
15.2.2 cognitive rehabilitation.............................................................66
15.2.3 caregivers support programmes...............................................68
Chapter 5: indirect methods......................................................................69
5.2 characteristics of indirect methods...................................................69
5.3 types of indirect methods.................................................................69
5.3.1 the Rorschach test......................................................................70
5.3.2 the thematische apperceptie test (TAT)[thematic apperception
test].....................................................................................................70
5.3.3 the zinaanvultest (ZAT) [sentence completion test]...................70
5.4 interpreting and interpretation processes........................................70
5.5 evaluating and using indirect methods.............................................71
Chapter 6: intelligence and intelligence tests............................................71
6.2 intelligence tests...............................................................................71
6.2.1 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- IV (WAIS-IV)..........................71
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, 6.2.2 Groninger Intelligence test-2......................................................72
6.2.3 Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT).............73
6.2.4 Raven’s Progressive Matrices.....................................................73
6.2.5 Nederlandse leestest voor volwassenen (NLV)...........................73
6.3 intellig3nce tests in actual practice..................................................74
6.3.1 the IQ as an ‘absolute number’..................................................74
6.3.2 intelligence and level of education.............................................74
6.3.3 neuropsychological disorders.....................................................74
Chapter 7: neuropsychological questions and methods............................76
7.2 possible misconceptions...................................................................76
7.3 types of questions.............................................................................76
7.4 measuring instruments.....................................................................76
7.4.1 level tests and screening tests...................................................77
7.4.2 cognitive tests............................................................................77
7.4.3 emotional and personality problems..........................................79
7.4.4 clinimetric methods....................................................................79
7.5 interpretation problems....................................................................79
7.5.1 test conditions............................................................................79
7.5.2 premorbid functioning................................................................79
7.5.3 multiconditionality......................................................................79
7.5.4 Sensitivity and specificity...........................................................80
Chapter 10: computer-assisted clinical diagnostics...................................81
10.2 advantages and disadvantages of computer-assisted diagnostics. 81
10.2.1 advantages of computer-assisted diagnostics..........................81
10.2.2 disadvantages of computer-assisted diagnostics.....................81
10.3 equivalence of computer-based tests and paper-and-pencil tests. 82
10.4 adaptive testing..............................................................................82
10.5 online tests.....................................................................................82
Chapter 11: Ethical aspects and the reporting of diagnostics....................84
11.2 ethical guidelines for diagnostics...................................................84
11.2.1 the initiator relationship...........................................................84
11.2.2 the psychologist’s expertise.....................................................84
11.2.3 confidentiality...........................................................................84
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, 11.3.4 voluntary participation and information provision....................84
11.2.5 the practicalities of a psychodiagnostics examination.............85
11.3 reporting of diagnostics...............................................................85
11.3.1 the written report.....................................................................85
11.3.2 oral report................................................................................86
Chapter 15: Drug use, drug addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits....87
Basic principles of drug action................................................................87
Role of learning drug tolerance...............................................................89
Five commonly used drugs.....................................................................90
Comparing the health hazards of commonly used drugs........................93
Early biopsychological research on addiction.........................................93
Current approaches to the mechanisms of addiction.............................95
Chapter 17: biopsychology of emotion, stress and health.........................97
Biopsychology of emotion: introduction..................................................97
Fear, defense, and aggression................................................................98
Neural mechanisms of fear conditioning.................................................99
Brain mechanisms of human emotion..................................................100
Stress and health..................................................................................102
Chapter 18: biopsychology of psychiatric disorders.................................105
Schizophrenia.......................................................................................105
Depressive disorders............................................................................107
Bipolar disorders...................................................................................109
Anxiety disorders..................................................................................110
Tourette’s disorder................................................................................111
Clinical trials: development of new psychotherapeutic drugs...............112
Chapter 2: the intersection of positive psychology and the practice of
counselling and psychotherapy................................................................114
Chapter 3: positive psychological tests and measures............................118
Chapter 1: clinical features of insomnia...................................................122
Chapter 3: patient assessment in insomnia.............................................122
Chapter 4: treating insomnia...................................................................124
5
, Chapter 6: anxiety and stressor- related
problems
anxiety has physical and cognitive attributes. Anxious people find it hard
to stop thinking about negative and threatening thoughts, which is due the
cognitive biases the developed.
In the case of an obsessive compulsive disorder, the sufferer develop
sequences of complex ritualised behaviours designed to help them relieve
their anxiety.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a disorder characterised either
by obsessions (intrusive and recurring thoughts that the individual finds
disturbing and uncontrollable) or by compulsions (ritualized behaviour
patterns that the individual feels driven to perform in order to prevent
some negative outcome happening).
We have all experienced anxiety sometimes, but sometimes anxiety can
become so intense that it becomes maladaptive and problematic. This
may become a anxiety disorder: a psychological disorder characterized
by an excessive or aroused state and feelings apprehension, uncertainty
and fear.
The anxiety response:
May be out of proportion to the threat posed by the situation or
event (e.g., in specific phobias),
May be a state that the individual constantly finds themselves in and
may not be easily attributable to any specific threat (e.g., in
generalised anxiety disorder GAD, or some form of panic
disorder PD,
May persist chronically and be so disabling that it causes constant
emotional distress to the individual, who is unable to plan and
conduct their normal day-to-day living. This can result in an inability
to hold down a regular job, or an inability to maintain long-term
relationships with friends, partners and family, etc.
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD): a pervasive condition in which
the sufferer experiences continual apprehension and anxiety about future
evets, and this leads to chronic and pathological worrying about those
events
Panic disorder: an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated panic or
anxiety attacks
1 in 5 will report high levels of anxiety, 1 in 3 will experience anxiety
disorder.
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