These are comprehensive notes from all lectures for the course "Neuropsychology of Ageing and Dementia (PSMIN20)."
Numerous images have been added, and I took extensive notes based on what the lecturer explained.
Lecture 1 – Normal aging, part 1 ............................................................................................................... 2
Lecture 2 – Normal aging, part 2 ............................................................................................................. 16
Lecture 3 – Mild cognitive impairment & Alzheimer’s disease ................................................................. 33
Lecture 4 – Vascular dementia & Frontotemporal dementia ................................................................... 49
Lecture 5 – Parkinson’s disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies & Huntington’s disease .............. 65
Lecture 6 – Delirium & caregivers ........................................................................................................... 80
Lecture 7 – Dementia in people with intellectual disability ...................................................................... 96
1
,LECTURE 1 – NORMAL AGING, PART 1
‘normal’ = aging without any health conditions → what happens to us when we get older
Alzheimer is the most common type of dementia.
Simplistic way to look at aging: when you are young, you climb up the stairs and everything gets better.
Then you reach a point where things start to decline. Some people go down softly, others go down fast.
Some people go out very slowly, and others have to deal with all sorts of diseases, conditions, problems
etc. This is how aging was seen back in the days.
- A: considered as normal aging. You reach a peak in your early 20’s. You very slowly start to
decline.
- B: when you are already exposed to a certain condition early in life, which has an impact on aging.
- C: normal development up until your mid 20’s. In this period you already have to deal with
exposure (whatever this may be). Due to this, you start to decline more rapidly.
Population pyramids. When you go up in column, you go up in age. You see the number of people who
reached that age
2
,The shape is changing.
- 2014
o Baby boom generation: born after WW2.
o More people >70 in comparison with 1950
o More and more people are becoming
older.
o Narrower in the bottom: fewer births.
- Predictions 2060
o Not so much a pyramid anymore. More
and more people reach a higher age.
Not necessarily a healthy aging.
o Many people do age healthy, but many people don’t .
- 2013
o In developed regions healthcare is usually better.
o Less developed regions → reflecting the situation that we had here in the 1950’s.
- 2050
o Less developed → it becomes more of a column, less
of a pyramid.
o There are more older people in developed & less
developed countries.
The pattern is the same, even though there is difference between the
lines. The number of people of 60 years and older is increasing.
Again same trend. They all
point at the same direction.
Life expectancy is on the
increase.
3
, Number of children that are born per woman is decreasing.
More and more people that are older percentage wise.
Again, similar trend throughout the world.
Definitions of age
- Chronological age = measured in units of time (months or
years) that have elapsed since birth
- Biological age = where people stand relative to the number of
years they will live (in terms of the body’s organ system and physical appearance)
O Speculative (because we do not know)
O Can also be in hindsight.
- Functional age = person’s competence in carrying out specific tasks
O In comparison with chronological age peers
O How good are you in tasks?
▪ Muscle strength in your hands for example.
- Psychological age = refers to how well a person adapts to changing conditions
O How well can you adapt? How flexible are you?
- Social age = views held by most members of a society about what individuals in a particular
chronological age group should do and how they should behave
What is old, actually?
65 → retiring from many professions. Really arbitrary (why not 64?).
Chronological age Functional age
The magic age of 65 (is arbitrary) The Third Age (between retirement from work
force and start of age-imposed limitations)
- Age imposed limitations = when you
realize that you can’t do certain things
anymore.
Some people skip this phase: they immediately
move into the fourth age.
Young-Old: ages 65-74 The Fourth Age (cognitive an physical
impairments interfering with everyday functioning)
Old-Old: ages 75-84 ➔ Has nothing to do with your chronological
age. It has to do with what you can
achieve.
Oldest Old: ages 85+
Arbitrary: there is no number that defines ‘now you are old’.
Perspectives on aging process
- Normative aging
o What is considered a usual, normal, or average outcome
- Successful aging
o What is considered an ideal rather than average outcome
- Positive aging
o The ability to find happiness and well-being even in the face of physical and/or
psychological challenges
4
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