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Ethics in Life Sciences - all articles

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Ethics in Life Sciences - all articles

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  • 29 januari 2025
  • 16
  • 2024/2025
  • College aantekeningen
  • Pascal collard
  • Alle colleges
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Nynkevanleuven
Ethics in Life Sciences
Leerdoelen
The exam assesses your knowledge of the key concepts (by way of multiple-choice questions) and
the analytical skills acquired during the seminars, such as:
●​ Identify and label fallacies in a given text.
●​ Analyze a given case by means of the reflective equilibrium tool.
●​ Analyze a given case by means of the ethical matrix tool.
●​ Understand the importance of the theory of Kant for ethical analysis and judgment.
●​ Understand the importance of the concept of safe-by-design.
●​ Understand the importance of the concept of script in ethics of technology.
●​ Understand the importance of the concept of autonomy in medical ethics.
●​ Understand the importance of the intrinsic value concept in laboratory animal ethics.


Course guide + articles


General

Immanuel Kant has defined ethics as “practical philosophy”. This means that (1) ethics is about
“solving real-world problems” and (2) that this requires reflection and systematic thinking. Ethics,
then, concerns the selection of the wisest option in issues that matter, such as life-death decisions,
wellbeing of patients, and what is best for our children, or our planet. This is a definition that almost
anyone can agree with – also those who disagree with the way in which Kant practiced this “practical
philosophy” (which is called “deontology”, or the logic of duties). It is at the heart of this course.

We emphasize the argumentation underneath ethical standpoints, rather than the rules that are
prescribed by some or other authority (such as the bible or governmental laws) or followed by
actors.


Week 1

Concept of “Safe-by- Design” has emerged. This concept has both analytical value, describing existing
ways to deal with risks in a reflective, anticipative and integral manner in one’s innovation design
practices, and normative value, stimulating such reflection, anticipation and integral assessment.

It is a behavioral rule that the right thing to do in a lab is to wear safety glasses. By formulating a
behavioral rule—or maxim, as philosophers tend to call these—the university minimizes the risk of
suffering and maximizes your quality of life. This perspective teaches us three aspects of ethics:

1.​ Ethics is hidden behind all kinds of technical do’s and don’ts of our personal and professional
lives (“wear safety glasses”).
2.​ Ethics addresses what is the right/good thing to do for you, and for us in general
(prescriptive).

, 3.​ The language of ethics consists of words that refer to things we value (“safety”).

Knowledge: Understanding of:

●​ Different types or spheres of ethics (personal, professional, public, business);
●​ Different families of ethical theory (deontology, utilitarianism, virtue ethics).

Ethical theory is (largely) built on the three master pieces of the German idealist philosopher
Immanuel Kant. He famously asked the three questions; what can we know?, what should we
decide? and is there hope?. In Kant’s second masterpiece, the Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, Kant
analyses why one type of reasoning is stronger than another type of reasoning as regards the
justification of our actions. A central concept herein is the “categorical imperative”.

●​ Knowledge: Insight in the following central ideas and concepts:
●​ Distinction between categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative
●​ Autonomous and free thinking person
●​ Duty
●​ Rights, human rights,
●​ Distinction between consequentialism (/ utilitarianism) and deontology (i.e.:​
duties or principles-based ethics)
●​ Utilitarian calculus
●​ Virtues

Article: Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (2018). ‘Safy-by-Design’: Preventing future
risks
Purpose and Vision:

●​ The Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management promotes a clean, healthy, and safe
environment.
●​ Emphasis is placed on identifying and mitigating environmental and health risks early.
●​ The "Safe-by-Design" strategy aims to integrate safety into the design phase of new
materials, products, and processes.

Safe-by-Design Approach:

●​ Focuses on preventing risks to human health and the environment at the earliest stages of
development.
●​ Encourages companies to make safety a core element in innovation and product design.
●​ Examples include redesigning organisms in biotechnology and avoiding the use of toxic
chemicals.

Benefits:

●​ Reduces unintended consequences of technological advancements.
●​ Supports circular economy principles by designing safer, more sustainable products.
●​ Offers businesses advantages such as lower liability, cost savings, and improved corporate
responsibility.

, Challenges:

●​ Requires interdisciplinary collaboration among technologists, toxicologists, and policymakers.
●​ Needs advancements in toxicological research, testing methods, and safety assessment
models.
●​ Calls for a cultural shift toward prioritizing safety in design thinking.

Call to Action:

●​ The ministry seeks "frontrunner" companies to collaborate on pilots and demonstration
projects for operationalizing Safe-by-Design.
●​ Businesses and innovators are invited to contribute to advancing this approach.

Article: Rachels (2010). Elements of Moral Philosophy. Chapter 1: What is morality?
Definition of Morality:
●​ Morality is about guiding behavior through reason, and it concerns the principles of right and
wrong.
●​ Decisions must be impartial and based on logical reasoning rather than personal biases or
emotions.
●​ Impartiality ensures everyone’s interests are given equal consideration.
The Role of Reason in Morality:
●​ Rational thought is essential in evaluating moral questions.
●​ Acting morally involves considering the implications of one’s actions on others and seeking
justifiable reasons for choices.
Morality Beyond Legal and Cultural Norms:
●​ Morality is distinct from legality and cultural practices, although they can overlap.
●​ Not all laws are moral, and not all cultural norms are ethically justified; moral reasoning
evaluates these critically.
Challenges to Moral Thinking:
●​ Situations often involve conflicting principles, requiring careful balancing of values like rights,
consequences, and fairness.
●​ Moral reasoning requires clarity, consistency, and a willingness to revise one’s views in light
of new evidence or arguments.


Article: Rachels (2010). The elements of moral philosophy. Chapter 7: The utilitarian approach.
Download Rachels (2010). The elements of moral philosophy. Chapter 7: The utilitarian approach.

1. What is Utilitarianism?

●​ Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences.
●​ The guiding principle is the Greatest Happiness Principle: Actions are right if they promote
the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, and wrong if they produce the
opposite.

2. Core Concepts:

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