Study guide
Lecture notes
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
Language Learning and socialization lecture notes from semester 1 school year . All lectures are included
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VolgenVoorbeeld van de inhoud
LANGUAGE LEARNING AND SOCIALIZATION↳➝ ↕︎
Lecture 1 - Introduction - 28/08/19 2
Lecture 2 - Basics of Language Learning - 04/09/19 4
Lecture 3 - Basics of language learning - 11/09/19 8
Lecture 4 - Social contexts in language learning - 18/09/19 12
Lecture 5 - Input and interaction - 25/09/19 14
Lecture 6 - Learning more than one language - 02/10/19 18
Lecture 7 - Online socialization - 09/10/19 20
Lecture 8 - multilingualism: individual and society - 23/10/19 23
Lecture 9 - Language in Education/Implications of multilingualism for curriculum - 30/10/19 27
Lecture 10 - multilingualism in the classroom - 23/10/19 31
Lecture 11 - 13/11/19 34
Lecture 12 - Social and Educational Aspects of Submersion Education in Reality - 20/11/19 36
Lecture 13 - Educational Policy on Immigrant Minorities in the Netherlands - 04/12/19 39
Pagina 1 van 42
,LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION - 28/08/19
Socialization
= the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the
skills needed for survival in society
• Implicit rules
• Learn how to behave in a ‘normal’ way
↳ Language is both medium and object of socialization into language and through language
• The content of socialization differs greatly from society to society
Individual perspective
• How do people learn language?
• Process, explanations
• First language: L1 (mother tongue), Second language: L2
• Multilingualism; bilingualism
Societal perspective
• Contexts: informal (home, online); formal (school)
• Multilingualism in education
• Educational policy
Central Questions:
• How can a young child learn such a complex system in such a short time period?
• What are we born with; wat do we learn?
• How do parents talk to their children; is this universal or culture specific?
• How can a child learn two languages at the same time?
• Can children learn language from television / digital media / robots?
• How can schools deal with a multilingual population?
• What is the best way to learn a second language?
Language socialization
The process of:
• becoming a speaker of a language (socialization into language)
• while participating in particular speech communities (socialization through language).
↳ Through language socialization, children learn the behaviors that are culturally appropriate in
their community.
Outcome:
• Children become socially, linguistically and culturally competent members of their community
• They can use language that is locally meaningful, grammatically correct and socially appropriate
Through:
• Interactions with caregivers and other (more competent) members of their community
• Socializing agents: family, school, peer group, mass media
What if there are no caregivers/parents?
↳ Social isolation, deprivation
• Won’t be able to function in society if they don’t have interaction with others
• If you don’t get language input (cause: isolation), it’s very hard to learn language, results in not
speaking
Language system = complex
Different levels:
• Phonology: sounds
• Semantics: meaning (lexicon)
• Grammar:
• syntax = sentence construction,
• morphology = word construction
• Pragmatics: language use
• Metalinguistic awareness
Pagina 2 van 42
, • Awareness of different language systems
Methodology
• Experimental research
• Techniques: ad hoc experiments, standardized tests
• Observational research: spontaneous interactions in natural situations
• Techniques: notes, audio- and video-recordings, data transcription, coding, analysis (Childes,
clan)
Experimental research
• Testing of a hypothesis/specific question in a controlled manner
• Dependent variable: language behavior
• Independent variable: age, SES
• Context is controlled
• Difficult with young children
• Ad hoc experiments
• On productive language
• Elicitation techniques:
• Elicitation limitation
• Use of a doll
• Wug technique
• The use of nonexistent/invented words to test linguistic knowledge
• On receptive language:
• Habitiuation method: sucking, heart rate, head turning
• Preferential looking / listening paradigm
• Picture selection task
• act-out task
• The lion that is pinching the bear, is stroking the monkey.
• The bear that is hitting the lion, is kissing the monkey.
• The monkey is kissing the lion that is pinching the bear.
• brain research techniques:
• ERP, fMRI
• Standardized tests
• Aim: assessment, determine language level, detect disorders
• Set items, procedure, scoring
• Standards to compare with.
Observational research
• Data of interaction sin natural situations
• Transcription
• Coding
• Analyzing
• CHILDES: Child Language Data Exchange System
• System for transcription and coding (CHAT)
• Program for analysis (CLAN)
• Quantitative language measures: TTR
• Type-token ratio. Words, lexicon
• Number of types (different words) divided by number of tokens (total number of words):
between 0 and 1
• Example: dog, doggie, dogs: 3 tokens,1 type
dog, cat: 2 tokens, 2 types
• Problem: length of transcript
• Alternative measure: voc-d = vocabulary diversity
Pagina 3 van 42
, LECTURE 2 - BASICS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING - 04/09/19
Socialization definitions
• Processes with the help of which a living organism is changed in a social being
• The process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it
• The process of transferring norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to future group members.
• The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and
the skills needed for survival in society.
Key terms
• Primary = initial socialization; from birth, ➝ most crucial
• Secondary = resocialization, when entering a new group within society
• Enculturation: the process of being socialized to a particular culture
• Socialization types:
• Informal/naturel (home, parents);
• Formal/planned (classroom, teachers)
First language learning
• Language system is complex: sounds, words, grammar, pragmatics
• Every child learns language, 0-9 years of age
• Fixed sequence (steps you take to learn a language), different pace
• Passive = receptive = understanding
Active = productive = talking
↳ Receptive before productive
States of language learning
• Pre-verbal 0 - 1;0 (1 year zero months)
• Communication:
• crying, eye con tact, photo-conversations
• Phonology:
• understanding
• starts before birth, preference for mothers voice, differentiate sounds, differentiate
languages
• production
• crying, vocalizing, babbling, universal adaptability
• Early lingual / one-word, telegraphic 1;0 - 2;6
• One-word stage (holophrastic): 1;0
• Proto-words ➝ first ‘real’ words
• ‘Gavagai problem’
• It’s not directly clear when a word is uttered, what it is referred to
• Telegraphic stage: 1;6 - 2;6
• First sentences: short, words, not connected
• Differentiation / multi word stage 2;6 - 5;0
• Cognitive: sense of time, identification
• Lexicon: at age 3;0 about 1000 words
• Morphology: inflections (‘2 cars’); over regularization (‘I drinked)
• Learning grammar rules, stage in which most mistakes are made, but that means that
they’re learning
• Syntax: longer sentences
• Pragmatics: decontextualization
• Saying what they see directly around them, present in the context
• Completion age 5 - 9
• Language system is completed
• Explicit language learning in school
• Lexicon: learning 6-10 words a day
• Syntax: longer, compound clauses
• Pragmatics: story telling, extended discourse, tuning in to listener
Pagina 4 van 42
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