,Index
Longitude and latitude...........................................................................................................................5
Longitude............................................................................................................................................5
Latitude..............................................................................................................................................5
Position notations...................................................................................................................................6
Distance..................................................................................................................................................6
Conversion to other units...................................................................................................................6
Speed..................................................................................................................................................6
Great-circle distance...............................................................................................................................6
Heading & Track.....................................................................................................................................7
Course, track, route, and heading......................................................................................................7
Relation between the true and magnetic direction............................................................................8
Magnetic Compass.............................................................................................................................8
Magnetic Compass Induced Errors.....................................................................................................8
Wind triangle..........................................................................................................................................9
Calculating the required heading........................................................................................................9
Calculating the ground speed.............................................................................................................9
Inertial navigation...................................................................................................................................9
Strapdown systems..........................................................................................................................10
Radio navigation...................................................................................................................................11
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)........................................................................11
Automatic direction finder (ADF)......................................................................................................11
Altitude in Aviation...............................................................................................................................12
QNH and QFE....................................................................................................................................12
Altitude Corrections..........................................................................................................................12
Radio (radar) altimeter.....................................................................................................................13
Time......................................................................................................................................................13
UTC...................................................................................................................................................13
Solar hour angle................................................................................................................................13
Leap year and leap seconds..............................................................................................................13
GPS.......................................................................................................................................................14
GPS signal.........................................................................................................................................14
Errors in signals....................................................................................................................................14
Sources of interference....................................................................................................................15
Dilution of precision.........................................................................................................................15
, Signal jamming and spoofing............................................................................................................15
GNSS.....................................................................................................................................................16
Improving GNSS accuracy.................................................................................................................16
DGPS.................................................................................................................................................16
GBAS.................................................................................................................................................16
SBAS..................................................................................................................................................17
Surveillance with the use of position....................................................................................................17
Radar................................................................................................................................................17
PSR................................................................................................................................................17
SSR................................................................................................................................................18
Limitations....................................................................................................................................18
Multilateration (MLAT).....................................................................................................................18
The operation of multilateration..................................................................................................18
Pros and cons................................................................................................................................18
Application of multilateration.......................................................................................................19
Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS).........................................................................................19
ADS-C............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B............................................................................................................................................19
ADS-B vs ADS-C.............................................................................................................................20
TCAS..................................................................................................................................................21
Operation modes..........................................................................................................................21
Alerts............................................................................................................................................21
(E)GPWS...........................................................................................................................................22
Communication....................................................................................................................................23
Radiotelephony (R/T)........................................................................................................................24
Radio communication channels....................................................................................................24
SELCALL (selective calling)................................................................................................................25
ACARS...............................................................................................................................................25
SWIM................................................................................................................................................26
ANS.......................................................................................................................................................26
Transponder.........................................................................................................................................27
Transponder modes..........................................................................................................................27
UAS.......................................................................................................................................................28
Regulation........................................................................................................................................28
Recreational – professional..........................................................................................................28
Large – small.................................................................................................................................28
, Rules of the air..............................................................................................................................29
Privacy..........................................................................................................................................29
Safety and security...............................................................................................................................30
Regulation........................................................................................................................................30
Safety vs security..............................................................................................................................30
Safety............................................................................................................................................30
Security.........................................................................................................................................31
, Longitude and latitude
Longitude
The Longitude (C) of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle east or west from a reference
meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great
ellipses (often improperly called great circles),
which converge at the north and south poles.
The meridian of Greenwich is the international
prime meridian it is both 180°W and 180°E.
Latitude
The latitude (φ) of a point on the Earth’s surface) of a point on the Earth’s surface
is the angle between the equatorial plane and
the straight line that passes through that point
and the center of the Earth. Lines joining points
of the same latitude trace circles on the surface
of the Earth called parallels, as they are parallel
to the equator and each other. The north pole is
90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of
latitude is the equator, the fundamental plane
of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into North and South.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper koekjes. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.