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  5. Decision Making: Theory And Practice

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Decision Making: Summary of Lectures 1-7 and 3 Examined articles
 6 keer verkocht

An English summary of all the lectures (1-7) from Spring 2020. The summary also includes the courtroom decision making articles.

Voorbeeld 3 van de 48  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 17 juni 2020
  • 48
  • 2019/2020
  • Samenvatting

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Decision Making elective 2020
University of Leiden




The summary for Lectures: 1-7 and 3 of the following articles that will be
examined
*No medical decision making articles*




Decision making in the courtroom

Witness Memory

Loftus, E.F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind. ​Memory, 12,​
361-366.

http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/12/4/361.full.pdf+html

Benton, T.R., et al. (2006). Eyewitness memory is still not common sense. ​Applied
Cognitive Psychology, 20​, 115-129.

http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7d60f1c3-1182-43f2-9500-d
22f7f0c4e1d%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4107

Kassin, S.M.(2005). On the Psychology of Confessions. ​American Psychologist, 60
(3) 215-228

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=4342c215-f49c-467e
-8a9b-b39d2e3e1c63%40sessionmgr110&hid=123

,Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the
malleability of memory -- Loftus, E.F. (2005)

The misinformation effect​: Impairment in memory that arises after exposure to misleading
information (change in reporting).
● People have recalled nonexistent objects, mislead into remembering things
(e.g., hammers as screwdrivers)

The When Question (​conditions when particularly susceptible​)

Certain experimental conditions are associated with greater susceptibility to
misinformation.
● Misinformation introduced when original event memory is fading as time passes
→ less likely that the discrepancy is noted while the misinformation is being
processed
❖ The Discrepancy Detection principle (DDP)​: The recollections are more likely
to change if a person does not immediately detect discrepancies between
misinformation and memory for the original event
→ false memories can still occur even if a discrepancy is noticed (“oh, I think I
remembered wrong”
● The period between the misinformation and the test
→ With a short interval between the misinformation and the test, subjects are less
likely to claim that the misinformation item was in the event only
● Temporarily changing someone’s state can increase misinformation effects (alcohol,
hypnotized) → more susceptible

Warnings

● Warning people that they may be exposed to misinformation sometimes help them
resist the misinformation.
→ The person scrutinizes the post-event information for discrepancies (DDP)
● Warning after showing the misinformation (post-misinformation warnings) did not
improve the ability to resist its damaging effects
→ Misinformation had already been incorporated into the memory and an altered
memory now exists in the mind of the individual
● An immediate post-misinformation warning helped subjects resist the
misinformation,​ but only ​when the misinformation was in a relatively low state of
accessibility (presenting misinformation multiple times versus a single time)

, → It didn’t seem to matter whether the warning was quite general (the narrative of
some objects and events inaccurate) or item-specific (mentioning the misleading
details, “misinformation about the tool”)
→ ​Suppression hypothesis​: When people get a warning, they suppress the
misinformation and it has less ability to interfere with answering on the final
test
→ Suppression might have more trouble working when misinformation is too
accessible (might distract the subject from thinking to scrutinize the
misinformation for discrepancies from original event memory)

The Who Question (​types of people​)

Age:
- Young children are more susceptible to misinformation than older children and
adults
- The elderly are more susceptible than are younger adults
→ The role of cognitive resources, since we also know that misinformation effects are
stronger when attentional resources are limited
→ ​Suggestion-induced distortion​ in memory is a phenomenon that occurs with people of all
ages, even if it is more pronounced with certain age groups

Personality:
- Empathy, absorption, and self-monitoring associated with greater susceptibility to
misinformation
- The more one has self-reported lapses in memory and attention, the more
susceptible one is to misinformation effects

Other species:
- Gorillas, rats
- Pigeons: Amazing ability to remember pictures that they were shown as long as two
years earlier, can be disrupted by misinformation.

➔ The misinformation effect is not just a simple matter of ​retrograde interference
- Retrograde interference is a mere disruption in performance, not a biasing
effect. That is, it typically makes memory worse, but does not pull for any
particular wrong answer.
→ The misinformation appears to have a specific biasing effect
➔ The misinformation effects are not a product of mere ​demand characteristics
- They are not produced by “people” who give a response just to please the
experimenter, even when it is not the response they think they should give

The fate of the original memory? (​The permanence of long-term memories​)

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