100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Evolutiebiologie €2,99
In winkelwagen

College aantekeningen

Evolutiebiologie

2 beoordelingen
 405 keer bekeken  7 keer verkocht

Samenvatting van evolutiebiologie van de opleiding biologie

Voorbeeld 2 van de 11  pagina's

  • 2 april 2014
  • 11
  • 2013/2014
  • College aantekeningen
  • Onbekend
  • Alle colleges
Alle documenten voor dit vak (4)

2  beoordelingen

review-writer-avatar

Door: mikehuijben • 5 jaar geleden

review-writer-avatar

Door: kristofland • 5 jaar geleden

avatar-seller
IrisZweers
Evolutionary biology
Tinbergen’s 4 questions
1. What is it for? – what behavior is for which thingy.
2. How did it develop during the lifetime of the individual?
3. How did it evolve over the history of the species?
4. How does it work?

Current Historical
Proximate (what?) Mechanism (caution): How Ontogeny (development):
does this behaviour occur in How does this behaviour
an individual? arise in an individual?
Ultimate/evolutionary Adaptive value (function): Phylogeny (evolution): how
(why?) why is this behaviour does this behaviour arise in
adaptive for the species? the species?


Practical applications of evolutionary biology:
 Human health: evolution pathogens + antibiotic resistance, understanding gene
function through comparison, origin and spread diseases, detection changes
responsible for genetic disorders, long-term consequences medical invertentions
 Pharmaceutical industry: Drugs design in vitro/in vivo evolution, targeted searches
natural products (bio-prospecting)
 Agriculture: crop & livestock improvement selective breeding, pesticide resistance,
transgenic organisms (advantages/risks)
 Conservation biology: identification evolutionary significant units (ESUs), avoidance
inbreeding depression in captivity, advoiding loss of adaptive variation, identification
minimal population size for viability, predicting response global change

Evolution needs: change that is heritable across generations + a property of populations (not
individuals)

Populations: groups of entities – variation: members of the population differ for each other
for some characteristic – hereditary similarity: offspring resemble parents

First theory of evolution: spontaneous generation, nervous fluid moves species up to great
chain of being  continuous change. Develop adaptations to changing environment through
the use and disuse of organs (heavy use attracts more ‘nervous fluid’, acquired
characteristics are inherited (LAMARCK) MAAR: no evidence spontaneous generation, no
evidence innate drive toward complexity, no evidence inheritance acquired characteristics
(as LAMARCK intended)

Concept age earth (after archbishop USSHER 9.00 AM): history earth back through vast time
periods, processes at work today same throughout entire history of earth =
uniformitarianism/actualism (LYELL)

, DARWINs observations:

 Closely related species occupy different ecological settings tend to have different
characteristics
 Populations that are physically isolated tend to differ
 High levels of variability within a species (SPORTS)
 Variants can pass these characteristics to offspring
 Artificial selection can rapidly alter the characteristics of a breed

Principle of populations (1798): populations produce exponentially, large capacity to
reproduce and if left unchecked they will increase at a rapid rate, many more organisms
born than can possibly survive (MALTHUS)

DARWIN four theories of evolution:
 Evolution has occurred: species evolve over time, devire from very different species
living in the past
 The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection: species change over
time because bearers of different traits have different probabilities of contributing
offspring to the next generation
 Splitting of single species into two or more species has occurred: life originated with
or a few species  must have been a process whereby one species can split into at
least two species CONCLUSION: all species share common ancestors
 Evolutionary change is gradual: evolution occurs by the gradual transformation of
populations over long periods of time rather than by a species changing nearly
instantaneously into something different.

Elements for natural selection:
 Competition: more individuals are born than survive
 Variation: individuals vary in traits directly related to their ability to survive and
reproduce
 Heritability: advantageous traits passed on to offspring
 Iteration: this process is repeated generation after generation over long periods of
time

Natural selection law:
 Mechanism, as mechanical as any physical law
 Acts on individuals, but only populations evolve
 Opportunistic, not goal seeking, backward-looking, not anticipatory
 Not only mechanism of evolution

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper IrisZweers. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €2,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 52510 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€2,99  7x  verkocht
  • (2)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd