Samenvatting
Literature Summary Parent and Peer Influences
- Instelling
- Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
Extensive literature table on the required reading of Parent and Peer Influences in Youth Development.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 27 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 27 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Authors, year and title Main argument and/or research Theoretical framework/main Main results/findings Conclusion (take-home message)question guiding the article constructs
(1) Shaffer (2000) – The Early
Experience Assumption: Past, One of the most basic and widespread Early experience express the belief that Parental rearing practices as antecedents: Research in the last few decades has
Present, and Future assumptions about the nature of children at the beginning of life are more the interaction of parent characteristic and taught us a number of lessons. It has
psychological development is summarized in malleable than at any period later on, that child characteristic is likely to provide the shown that the assumptions of the clay
the phrase ‘‘early experience is important’’. initially they can absorb whatever greatest explanatory power rather than molding model are mistaken: Children
experiences they are exposed to and retain either of these two alone. Scarr: As long as are not passive; their individual
their effects indefinitely, and that the clues children receive ‘‘good enough’’ parenting characteristics interact in complex ways
to later personality formation are their development is determined primarily with experience to determine outcome.
therefore to be found primarily in those by inherited characteristics, and that only There is thus no direct relationship
first encounters of the child with his/her families that fall outside the average between age and the impact which
environment. The newborn infant, that is, expectable environment are likely to affect experience has on the individual. Effects
was thought of as an unformed lump of psychological development. are not irreversible: Later experiences
clay that adults can then mold into any can modify the consequences of earlier
shape they choose. In time, the shape will Deprivation and the issue of ones.
set, and the form it takes will then be irreversibility: maternal deprivation =
wholly explicable in terms of whatever where parental care as a warm and Our thinking about early experience and
caretakers did during the child’s supportive relationship is entirely absent its effects on personality development
impressionable years. Children were thus and the child is brought up under the has gone through three phases in the
seen as passive; developmental change impersonal conditions of unfeeling and course of the 20th century. The first was
was explained solely in terms of unstimulating institutions. Given the highly one of profound pessimism: Young
environmental input to the child; and the pathological nature of such an upbringing, children, it was believed, are highly
earlier the input the more crucial it was it was generally expected to produce impressionable, and accordingly, little
thought to be. permanent, irreversible consequences. hope can be held out to the victims of
Age at the time of move from adverse to adversity encountered at that vulnerable
beneficial environment is clearly an period. Early experience was considered
important consideration and sets limits to to have an overriding effect: Once singled
the extent of recovery. This shows out, the individual was irreversibly
resilience of development. It does appear marked and beyond help.
that the potential of children to recover
from early environmental stressors of even In the second phase, the pendulum
a quite severe and lasting nature has been swung to the opposite extreme:
underestimated in the past. Influenced by a number of reports of
normal development following rescue
Attachment formation and the critical from even quite pro- found misfortune,
period hypothesis: without a consistently marked optimism came to be expressed
available and loving mother figure about the possibility of reversing ill-
permanent damage to children’s capacity effects. Early experience was no longer
to establish emotionally meaningful considered to have a privileged position;
relationships with others, resulting in remedial action initiated even in later
1
, ‘‘affectionless character’’. Bowlby believed childhood appeared capable of undoing
that there is an early critical period: earlier effects.
whatever occurs during this critical period
will produce permanent effects. The term The third phase is one which we have
critical period became sensitive periods. entered only quite recently and is
Some psychological functions, such as characterized by a mid-position: On the
attachment formation to parents, appear one hand, we realize that early
to be better buffered than others, such as experience does not have a dominant
peer relationships. According to Scarr role on its own and that reversal of ill-
(1976) sensorimotor intelligence is an effects may therefore be feasible; on the
example of a well-buffered system because other, we are leaving open the possibility
it develops under a wide range of rearing that individuals might, in certain specific
environments, even of an aberrant nature. respects at any rate, remain scarred.
Secure attachments in infancy do not
necessarily inoculate a child from adverse
outcomes throughout development, nor
will early attachment difficulties inevitably
place the child at risk for subsequent
adjustment problems. The connection
between early attachment and later social
competence varies according to what
aspect of competence is assessed.
Variability in outcome: Much of the earlier
literature gives the impression that all
children are equally affected by adversity.
It is only relatively recently that we have
come to realize that there are survivors as
well as victims, that there are children who
go through horrific experiences of
deprivation, abuse, and neglect and yet
emerge apparently unscathed. The nature
of family relationships as they exist before,
during and after the adversity is
prominent. However severe the stressful
experience may be at the time, its eventual
consequences for the individual must be
seen in the context of the child’s family
relationships as they exist both before and
after the event.
2
, Tracing developmental pathways: the
experience needs to be seen in the context
of individual children’s life paths. Tracing
individual children’s developmental
trajectories provided examples of the kinds
of links making up the chain of
circumstances leading from childhood
experience to adult behavior. Sequences
can take many forms, their course
depending to a large extent on the way in
which the individual negotiates the turning
points. Longitudinal studies can help.
Continuity and timing: The notion that
continuity of development is guaranteed
by the potency of early experience is
invalid. Children subjected to unfavorable
upbringing in their first years may very
likely also experience unfavorable
upbringing in later childhood—either
because the child remains in the same
adverse rearing environment or because of
the tendency for one misfortune to lead to
another (the ‘‘conveyor belt’’
phenomenon). Individual continuity is thus
a function of environmental continuity: It
is the cumulative effect of all links in the
chain.
(2) Ha & Granger (2016) – Family Biological stress system How Does Early Stress Affect Future Directions in Family Interventions
relations, stress, and The goal of this review is to discuss the The stress response enables the body to the Biological Components of the Stress These intervention studies show that by
vulnerability: Biobehavioral current findings on how stressful parent– adjust to external threat or stress to System? improving family relationships we are
implications for prevention and child relationships affect the biological stress enhance chances of survival. When the Early childhood might be a sensitive phase changing not only the immediate social
practice. system and how this influences future brain detects stressors, it activates a for the development of the biological context but also children’s stress
adjustment problems. complex series of hormonal responses stress system given that the HPA axis and physiology, which is a major buffer for
initiated by the central nervous system and ANS are not fully developed at birth future development of adjustment
peripheral components. The two most (Loman & Gunnar, 2010). A prolonged and problems. Recent family interventions
important stress response systems are (a) persistent overactivation of the stress have shown that providing parents
the SNS system, which is part of the system during early childhood may imply feedback about their relationship
autonomic nervous system ANS (fast that it becomes increasingly difficult to dynamics with their children based on
acting), and (b) the HPA axis (slow acting). return to a healthy level of biological stress videotaped interactions leads to
3
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper ilvyvandersteen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 59063 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen