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1.1 Summary, by CUM LAUDE STUDENT - People in Groups (Social Psychology) (Problems 1-8) €9,48   In winkelwagen

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1.1 Summary, by CUM LAUDE STUDENT - People in Groups (Social Psychology) (Problems 1-8)

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In-depth summary of the 1.1 People in Groups course, written by a cum laude student. My summaries helped me to achieve a GPA of 8.54 by the end of Bachelor year 1. I sincerely hope it will help you out as well! Good luck studying!

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  • 28 augustus 2020
  • 47
  • 2019/2020
  • Samenvatting
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florianmaiser
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1.1 Social Psychology/People in Groups

1.Head in the Clouds

1.1 Article handed out during tutorial

How are emotions created?
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
 The subjective feeling of emotions is the awareness of your own body´s physical
reactions to certain stimuli (arousal)
 Only if we detect the change in body patterns, we feel emotion (e.g. for fear,
pounding heart, sweaty hands)

Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion
 Stimulus triggers response in brain, which causes the physical symptoms/patterns
and the emotion itself

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
 The emotion felt, depends on the interpretation of body symptoms relating to the
context
 1) physiological arousal 2) cognitive interpretation (can bed depended on group)
 Experiment: 1. Group: arousing injection, informed 2. Group: injection, not informed
3. Group: placebo, confederate in waiting room trying to provoke positive or negative
emotions result: uninformed & injection group felt happier or angrier
(depending on confederate cues/behaviour)




Downloaded by Paul Belitz (paulbelitz@gmx.de)

, lOMoARc2




Confederate = appears as a research participant, but is part of the research team
Affective neuroscience= field that uses cognitive neuroscience to study emotions
 Some brain areas are activated in all emotion
 Others are related to specific emotions (amygdala= fear)

Functions of Emotions (is there a use?)
 Helpful emotions like fear, prepare the body for a fight or an escape
 Evolutionary benefits (aggression increases chances of survival)
 Joy can help us recover from stress
 Anger narrows our focus and lets us concentrate on the obstacle ahead
 Fear could make you concerned about the outcome of something (exactly what could
be needed)
 Emotions can:
- change how we perceive and think
- effect information processing
- affect memory



Zillmann´s Excitation Transfer Model
 Residual excitement from previous arousing stimulus intensifies later emotional
state
 arousal stays in nervous system and enhances later emotions
 any emotion arises from 3 things:
a) a learnt behaviour
b) arousal from another source
c) person´s interpretation of arousal




Downloaded by Paul Belitz (paulbelitz@gmx.de)

, lOMoARc2




Love at First Fright: Rollercoaster experiment by
Meston & Frohlich (2002)

Goal of study:
 to examine the effect of residual nervous system arousal (here after rollercoaster) on
perception of sexual attraction, under consideration of romantic and non-romantic
partners, male & female
 Relates to Zillerman´s Excitation Transfer Theory (arousal stays in nervous system
and enhances later emotions)


Methodology:
 Testing one group of subjects before and one after a rollercoaster ride
 Participants were shown a picture of an average attractive person, who´s
attractiveness they needed to rate
 Were also asked to rate their seat mates attractiveness
 Romantic partner salience: here proximity to the partner


Results:
 People (non-romantic partner) AFTER the ride, showed increased ratings/dating
desirability towards the photograph, than people entering the ride
 People with a romantic partner, showed no difference in attractiveness ratings before
or after the ride
 Arousal from riding a rollercoaster led to increased rating of attractiveness, but only
for person without a romantic partner




Dutton & Aron: Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual
Attractions und Conditions of High Anxiety


 1. Experiment: Capilano Bridge (male subjects, scary bridge, the more fear,
the more sexual their reports, arousal stimulates/enhances emotion)
 2. Experiment: same set up, but different bridge, approached subjects 10min
after passing bridge, same results
 3. Experiments: anticipation of electroshock (more anxiety when confronted
with strong shock, strong shock + female=less anxiety, sexual imagery higher
when both strong shock)


Downloaded by Paul Belitz (paulbelitz@gmx.de)

, lOMoARc2




Attribution Theory (relevant?)
Attribution Theory = how ordinary people explain the causes of behaviour and events
1. Dispositional Attribution =
- assigns the cause of behaviour to some internal characteristic of a person, rather
than to outside forces
- For example, we attribute the behaviour of a person to their personality, motives or
beliefs
2. Situational Attribution =
- assigning the cause of behaviour to some situation or event outside a person's
control (situational or environment features)




Kelley´s Attribution Theory (exam relevant?more
info?)
 trying to discover the causes of behaviour, taking into account 3 types of evidence:

 1. Consensus =if everybody in the audience is laughing, the consensus is high. If only
Tom is laughing consensus is low

 2. Distinctiveness = if Tom only laughs at this comedian, the distinctiveness is high. If
Tom laughs at everything, then distinctiveness is low

 3. Consistency = if Tom always laughs at this comedian the consistency is high. If
Tom rarely laughs at this comedian, then consistency is low




Extension of attribution theory
Explaining our emotions
 2 distinct components of emotion:
1. Undifferentiated physiological arousal
2. Cognitions (label arousal and determine emotion)
Misattribution paradigm =
- emotions depend on what cognitive label the arousal is assigned to (interpretation),
emotional liability
- could work in therapy (reassign arousal to more cheerful labels)
 Critic on emotional lability: emotions are more stable than assumed


Downloaded by Paul Belitz (paulbelitz@gmx.de)

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