Samenvatting
Summary 2.1 Problem 6
- Instelling
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
- Boek
- Cognitive Psychology
Summary for p6 for course 2.1
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 11 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 11 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Problem 6Riegler, Eysenck
Article: A step at a time: Preliterate children’s simulation of narrative movement during story
comprehension by Fecica and O’Neill
Article: The perfect solution for detecting sarcasm in tweets by Liebrecht, Kunneman & Bosch
Top-down and bottom-up processes in reading
- Reading is basically an exercise in pattern recognition
- A pattern of stimulation is encoded in the visual system, and a corresponding
representation is activated in semantic memory
- Our mental processes when reading involve a mix of bottom-up (perceive) and top-
down (schemas)
EYE MOVEMENTS
- The processing starts where eyes take in the printed page
- Consistencies in speed and pattern of our eye movements can reveal a lot about our
underlying mental processes
- Method to track people’s eye movements: shining an invisible beam onto the eye,
which is reflected back, noninvasive
Saccades and Fixations:
- Eyes move in a series of stops, pauses, and starts terms saccades and fixations
- Saccades:
o The discrete movements from one point to another when reading, taking in a
visual scene or searching for an object
o They occur continually
o Saccades during reading are 6 to 8 letters in length
o Takes about 20 ms
o Saccadic suppression: we take little to no information during saccades
o It’s not clear whether or not cognitive processing is suppressed during
saccades
- Fixations:
o In between saccades
o Eyes pause briefly to take in information
o Typically, last for 200 to 300 ms, the length depends on the reading task
o Gazes: consecutive fixations in the same spot
o The summed duration of these gazes (gaze duration) is a dependent variable
in many reading studies
When vs Where:
- Studies on eye movement focus on these 2 dimensions
“When” Factors:
- Length of fixation time depends on how challenging it is process
- Content words receive more gaze time than function words like “that” or “and”
- The more unfamiliar the words are, the longer the fixation
- Less frequently encountered words in our day-to-day readings receive longer
fixations
, - The more predictable the word, the less fixation it will receive
- The age at which a word is acquired: word you’ve known since you were a child will
receive less fixation
- The decision about when to move eyes is determined by linguistic factors – aspects of
what is being read
- Top-down factors: they show how reading is determined by previous knowledge and
expectation
“Where” Factors:
- The landing spot is determined by lover level (physical) characteristics
- E.g. word length and word spacing
- These factors are bottom-up because they are physical aspects of incoming data
Word skipping:
- About 30% of the word we take during reading are skipped
- We jump over the words without fixating
- Factors of skipping are determined by both top-down and bottom-up
- We’re more likely to skip words that are highly constrained/unnatural
- High frequency words (frequently used in daily life) are more likely to be skipped
- Short words are more likely to be skipped -don’t carry much meaning
Regressive Saccades:
- On occasion eyes will move backwards: regressive saccades constitute 10-15% of all
saccades
- These occur when a reader makes too long saccade and has to backtrack or if a word
is hard to decipher
- Good and poor readers differ in the quality of their regressive saccades
- Good readers are better at regressing to exactly where they had the problem, poor
readers must be more backtracking
- Inefficient eye saccades and fixation patterns are symptoms of poor reading not
causes
Perceptual span
- The amount of text that eyes can cover effectively to the right of any given fixation
- For English alphabet perceptual span is 3 characters to the left, and 15 characters to
the right
- Perceptual spans differ depending on writing system of the language
- It also differs with the difficulty of the material
- Parafoveal information: information that falls outside of fixation but within the
perceptual span
o This aids lexical access and word recognition process
o Allows word length detection and skipping short function words
o Makes reading fast and efficient
- Blank spaces:
o Make words physically easier to see
o Indicate length of upcoming words
o Indicate the end of a given word
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper ebru1365. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €4,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen