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Summary 2.1 Problem 2

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Summary for p2 for course 2.1

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  • 8 september 2020
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Problem 2

Riegler & Riegler / Eysenck / Sternberg

Body posture facilitates retrieval of autobiographical memories by Dijkstra

Article: A New Solution to the Recovered Memory Debate by McNally

Autobiographical memory: memory for the experiences that comprise a person’s life story
Memories vs facts:
o They’re both high in self-reference, both related to our identity, both lasts for year
o Memories cause a reliving experience – we can see, hear that day -, this experience
doesn’t happen with facts
o Memories involve interpretations (their truth can be variable), facts don’t
o Autobiographical memories -> considered episodic memories (personal events tied to a
time and place)
o Autobiographical facts -> considered semantic memories (simple, context-free
knowledge)




Methods of investigation
o There is no real way to control how things are remembered or judge the accuracy of
memories
Targeted event recall:
o Recall of specific events or time-periods
o Accuracy is limited by the completeness and accuracy of a corroborating source
o Experiment:
 Subjective temporal distance of memories depends on how much the
participant has changed since the target event
 Forward recall – creates a narrative story, focus on change, feels further away
from the event
 Backward recall – focus on individual events and not personal change, little
change means little time, feels closer to the event
Diaries:
o Broader range of memory sample
o Firmer conclusions about accuracy because data is recorded
Cue words:
o Galton-Crovitz technique: presented with cue-words, asked to retrieve a memory, write
a description and date

, Childhood amnesia:
- Lack of memories before the age of 2 or 3
- Autobiographical memory emerges as the amnesia is lifted
Reminiscence Bump:
- Large number of memories coming from the years between 10 and 30 (especially 15-25)

Autobiographical memory retrieval
- Encoding specificity: a context-dependency effect
o memory will be successful to the degree that the cues present at retrieval match
the way the event was encoded
o language: fundamental feature of the encoded event
 language the memory is encoded vs language of key word or language of
interviewer
 language of interviewer affects the state of mind and causes more recalls
 match in languages causes more recalls

Effective cues for autobiographical memories
- What, when, where, who  what? is more superior
- Location and time are poor cues for retrieval but actions (what) are good cues
- Odors: promote more vivid and detailed memories than verbal cues

Models of autobiographical memory retrieval

- All models reflect 2 properties:
o The distinct episodic flavor- reliving and reexperiencing the sensory and temporal
characteristics
o These memories are reconstructions rather than replicas

The Self Memory System View by Conway
- Uses autobiographical memory as a basis for all episodic memory
- The heart of episodic memory lies in working self and everything about who you are
- Autobiographical memories are constructed rather than reproduced
- Reconstruction is guided by the working self
- Memories could be reconstructed differently as parts of working self changes
- Memories are constructed from a hierarchically organized memory database
o First layer: lifetime periods – slices of our lifetime about specific goals, plans,
themes
 Also organized into different thematic categories e.g. relationships and
academic
o Second layer: general events – representations of particular events that make up
our life time periods
o Third layer: complex episodic memories (event specific knowledge) – sensual,
perceptual details and other simpler components that construct specific memories
o Retrieval is a slow and effortful reconstruction rather than rapid retrieval of facts
- Memories can be accessed through 2 retrieval types:
o Generative retrieval: deliberately constructing autobiographical memories by
combining resources of the working self with information from the memory
database

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