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This image shows rates
per incidence. And
concussion for example
could lead to a mild
traumatic brain injury.
TBI usually result from a
blow to the head.
This figure here shows
the incidence rates of
TBI in US. The rate is per
100.000 and here you
have the different age
groups. Males are the
red line and females are
the blue line. In young age, from 0 to 4 years of age, TBI is much more often then in the middle ages.
And you see another peak here during adolescence, from 14 years on starting. And you see here as
well the males and female diverse but not when it comes to the older age. So the incidence rates also
,go up in old age due to falling. And the difference between males and females disappears. During
adolescence it is more easy to explain that maybe males tend to have more risky behavior and
therefor more accidence. But this difference here in the very young ages is more difficult to explain.
There are different theories why this is the case. It could either be due to differences, boys and girls
are born with hormone levels. Or also due to different educational styles that maybe young girls’
parents take more care of and therefor accidents are less common. So this difference here is more
difficult to explain than the other one.
(reads what’s on the slide)
(reads what’s on the slide)
(reads what’s on
the slide)
, this slide is a figure of what I have talked before what is called the site of the impact, what is called a
coup and the opposite side. You see here on the left side, the woman is falling down and hits her
head. So here you have the force on the back of the head, the brain injury. You see here the occipital
cortex is the direction of the blow. And this is damage as the site of the impact and that is called the
coup. That is here in pink. But the lesion here at the back of the head is not the only impact, because
due to the force here on the back of the head you also have a damage at the opposite part of the
brain. Because the pressure resulting from the coup produces a countercoup on the opposite end or
side of the brain. That is shown here in blue. And of course this shows it the other way around (on
the right). The man here in the var hits his forehead. And this is a direction of blow in the frontal part.
And the countercoup, the opposite site is then here in the back of the brain, colored in blue.
Movement of the brain may shear nerve fibers and that may cause lesions in the brain. You see here
the lesions would be in the frontal part due to the countercoup. And here in the occipital lobe due to
coup. And this can also lead to general impairment throughout the brain. That depends on how big
the force is on the coup side, on the side of the impact. And on how big the shaking of the brain is
and the counter coup on the opposite side.
So you not only have an impairment in the brain on this side of the brain when you fall on the back of
the head. You also have impairment on the opposite side because the brain is closed within our scalp
and this hitting the bone here can also lead to impairment. Both impairments can be more or less
severe.
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