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Summary of all lectures of political economy (2020)

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This document contains a summary of all the lectures of the Political Economy course 2020.

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  • 11 oktober 2020
  • 91
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
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Table of contents:

Lecture 1 1

Lecture 2 4

Lecture 3 10

Lecture 4 16

Lecture 5 22

Lecture 6 29

Lecture 7 36

Lecture 8 41

Lecture 9 46

Lecture 10 53

Lecture 11 65

Lecture 12 73

Lecture 13 84




Lecture 1
PROGRAM

- Political Economy as a scholarly domain: what is it all about?
- Political Economy as a course: sessions, assessments etc.

Political Economy ≠ Economics

- It is related, but not the same!!!
- No mathematics.
- Rather; the focus is on the​ relationship between states and markets​.
- The political choices underneath the econ models that we see.
- The economic is inherently political; How do we organise the world; thus, inherently
normative​.

Political Economy

1. Studies the fundamental interconnection between states and markets

main point of Schwartz: states and markets are not disconnected. one can not exist
in some form without the other,




1

, 2. Understands economic politics as a ​means for states to achieve their objectives​;
make life in the country a bit better.
3. Considers today and tomorrows political economic relations and battles from a
historic perspective.

Economic cycles => upswings, downswings => inherent in economic development,

Econ history can answer; why are some states more likely to develop than others?

Example: The Trade War

Trade war between China and United States

A few pointers:

● Tariffs: when goods are imported into a country, states can levy taxes on these
goods. These arecalled tariffs. And ​make trade more costly​.
○ Tarrifs are increasingly reduced; we live in an economic paradigm.
● There are more goods coming from China to the US than the other way around. ​So
money flows from US to China (=trade deficit). So ​US owes money to China​. US
pays for all these goods. China holds the debt of the US.
● International trade flows influences the value of currencies (exchange rates)
● Central banks are responsible for monetary policy (in US: federal reserve)
=> It's a battle ground.
=> Economy = politics & politics = economy

=> Trade has consequence of making vulnerable!

=> The economy is inherently political.

=> And much of what is political, is directly related to the economy.

=> PE is everywhere, and everything is PE.

=> But if that is true.... How can you study this?

What is Political Economy?

- POLITICAL ECONOMY I
- The classic thinkers on state and market, and their followers
- POLITICAL ECONOMY II
- The political science of economic policy fields
- POLITICAL ECONOMY III
- Political phenomena considered from an economics perspective
- POLITICAL ECONOMY IV
- Markets and business considered from a political science perspective

POLITICAL ECONOMY I

- The classic thinkers on state and market, and their followers.
- They considered both states and markets, integrated in one academic debate
(political economy).

=> Roots of political economy can be traced back 250 years ago (Smith, Ricardo, Marx etc.)


2

,=> At first economics was only a political economy; the process of wealth of society; what
determines prosperity? inequality? etc. But, also how should state be organised; thus, how
should we organise to ensure prosperity?

The fundamental question: To what extent should the socioeconomic order be the outcome
of coordination either by the market (horizontal through market relations) or by the state
(top-down, hierarchiacal)? What is the source of wealth in nations?

Early 20th century: The Academic Divide

- Political economy was divided in economics and political economy.

=> But some remain in the footsteps of the classics (e.g. Susan Strange)

POLITICAL ECONOMY II

- The political science of​ economic policy domains​.
- Looking at economic policy domains from a polisci perspective.
- E.g. how much regulation?
- E.g. climate change; developmental questions.
- E.g. pensions (deeply political); generational issue.

POLITICAL ECONOMY III

- Political phenomena considered from an ​economics perspective​ - kind of polecon
conducted at an economics department.
- What is economics?
- oikos = the family, the family’s property; a large estate or even a village
- nomos = greek term for law.
- the way we organize society to provide for our needs

What is economics? (some definitions)

1. “the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption and transfer
of wealth.” - most authoritative source on earth; google.
2. “a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator with the twofold objective of
providing a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people.” - Smith.
3. “Combining the assumptions of maximizing behavior, stable preferences, and market
equilibrium, used relentlessly and unflinchingly” (Gary Becker - famous economists)
(neoclassical economy => understanding econ behaviour based on certain
assumptions).

=> A lot has changed over time with the idea of economics; from Smith to Becker.

POLITICAL ECONOMY III

- Political phenomena considered from an economic perspective
- What is economics?
1. A domain
2. A perspective and approach to study social interaction
- demand/supply, competition; rational behaviour; homo economicus;
individualism


3

, - Taking an economic perspective on politics

POLITICAL ECONOMY IV

- Markets and business considered from a political science perspective.
- Power in markets amd business.
- Who wins? who loses?
- What is political economy?




=> PE III will be left mostly to the economics department. But the latter four will all be
studied.

=> Topics in polecon relate to all areas of polisci; a lot of moral philosophy going on
in with polecon thinking.

- e.g. IR and the issue of security; it involves economics (econ-security)

Political economy as a course

- PART I
- The ingredients of Political Economy (1-4)
- PART II
- Developments in Global Capitalism (5-9)
- PART III
- Real World Economics in times of crisis (10-14)

What is political economy?


Lecture 2
PROGRAM

- What is capitalism?
- Four debates that are relevant for studying capitalism
- Classical Political Economy
- The work of Adam Smith

CAPITALISM

- A specific way to organise econ activity




4

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