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Summary Microeconomics for Development

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Summary Microeconomics for Development

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  • 12 oktober 2020
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  • 2019/2020
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Microeconomics for Development
1. Poverty and inequality: measurement (PL)
2. Poverty and inequality: policy (PL)
3. Firms, workers and missing markets (RO)
4. Corruption, rents and political economy (RO
5. Risk and Development (MP)
6. Microcredit and finance (MP)

Lecture 1&2 Poverty and inequality: measurement. Meaning lines, measures and profiles
Articles: Ravallion, Martin (forthcoming) The Economics of Poverty (Oxford
University Press) Chapters 3-5 (For lecture 1,2 & 3)

“Most people in the world are poor. If we knew the economy of being poor, we would know much of
the economics that really matters” - Nobel Laureate Theodore Schultz, 1981

What do we mean by poverty?
 Common definition (we focus on this term in this course):
◦ Lack of command over commodities; “..a severe constriction of the choice set [over
commodities]” (Harold Watts)
 More narrow definition:
◦ Lack of specific consumptions (e.g. too little food energy intake; too little of specific
nutrients; too little leisure.)
 Less narrow definition:
◦ Poverty as lack of “welfare” e.g., lack of “capability”: inability to achieve certain
“functionings” (“beings and doings”) (Amartya Sen)

Why measure poverty?
 Inform program design
◦ Who are the target groups?
◦ How should transfers be allocated?
◦ How much impact will they have on poverty?
 Monitoring progress
◦ Has poverty increased? Did growth help the poor?
 Foster evidence based policy making
◦ Who were the losers and winners from economy-wide policy reforms? (ex-ante vs.
ex-post)
◦ Social spending: who benefits from government subsides? Who will be hurt by
retrenchment?
 But…can inform or misinform anti-poverty policies

Building blocks of poverty measurement
◦ The economic welfare indicator
◦ The poverty line
◦ Summary measures of poverty
The poverty profile
◦ Robustness to household size and composition
◦ Constructing a spatially disaggregated profile of poverty

Poverty measurement involves 3 steps:

, 1. Identify the “space” in which poverty is going to be measured
2. Identify “who are poor”: dichotomize (verdelen) the population between poor and non-
poor.
Tool: Poverty line (z): Poor = x i< z Non-poor = x i ≥ z
3. Aggregation (opeenhopen?): Construct an index that summarizes the information and gives
an overall picture of poverty.
A poverty measure is a function: P ( x , z ) : D x → R, which indicates the level of poverty in
each distribution.
Poverty (depending on distribution x and the poverty line) R = real number set (between
minus infinity and plus infinity).




Sources of info
Survey data
 Differ according to:
◦ - the unit of observation (household/individual),
◦ - no. observations over time (cross-section/panel  panel = overtime and cross
section);
◦ - living standards indicator (consumption/income)
 Different snapshots: not the same households over time.
Surveys are updated / refined; what is the implication?

Issues to consider
 Survey design
◦ Does the sample frame cover the entire population?  different from census.
◦ Is there a response bias  if the person thinks I have to reply in a certain way to
conform to social norms? Rich people do not reply as often, time is worth more than
answering a survey.
◦ What is the sample structure (clustering, stratification)?  can be based on villages
etc. Household survey is almost never random, needs to be stratified.
One random sample in rural area and one in villages: need for clustering.
 Goods coverage and valuation
◦ Is the goods coverage comprehensive?
◦ Is the survey integrated (e.g. price analysis)?
 Integrated: all kinds of demographic info. Bag/ bunch potatoes.
◦ Are there valuation problems?
 Variability and the time period of survey
◦ Is there significant variability over time? Seasonality in command for goods and
services: agricultural
◦ Can this be encompassed within the recall period?

, ◦ What are the implications for the choice between consumption and income?
 Inter-personal comparisons
◦ Is consumption a sufficient statistic?
◦ What other variables matter? (Prices, demographics, publicly provided goods)

The welfare indicator: It's a choice, each one can be defended
 Consumption expenditures per capita: Conventional approach 'wb approach'
o capture destruction of goods and services by use
o consumption valued at prices paid (whether there was an actual transaction)
o Consumption: actual consumption vs. Income: possibility to consume but not actual
consumption. People can maybe consume more, but save.
 Income per capita
o maximum possible expenditure on consumption without depleting assets
o Poor indicator when incomes vary; hard to measure
o Income: less popular for development countries. Hard to use when there is a lot of
seasonal variation. And large amount of informality. Hard when people are active in
a variety of occupations.
 Nutritional indicators
o "Welfarist" critique (welfare and nutrition are different things); nutritional
requirements/ anthropometric standards.




What is sen’s functionality? Poverty as lack of “welfare” e.g., lack of “capability”: inability to achieve
certain “functionings”

Common:
 Use a comprehensive consumption measure, spanning consumption space
 Choice between income and consumption is largely driven by the greater likelihood of
accuracy of information on consumption.

,  Consumption is more 'smooth' compared to income: often more reliable in development
countries: 'what did you consume last week' vs. 'what is your income per year'.

Recognize the limitations of consumption based measures; look for supplementary measures,
especially access to public services, subjective welfare as a clue to measuring objective welfare.

The consumption measure
 The consumption measure is the foundation over which all poverty analysis rests
 Principles:
◦ Goal is to be able to rank individuals in terms of welfare
◦ Should be comprehensive
◦ Retain transparency and credibility
 Important clarifications
◦ Consumption: destruction of goods and services by use (not price)
◦ Expenditure: consumption valued at prices paid
◦ Income: maximum possible expenditure on consumption without depleting assets

Steps:
 Construct a food consumption measure
◦ Rice for example can be made at home : purchased or produced, both incl.
 Add basic non-food items (from consumption module)
◦ Non food: clothing soap etc
 Add other non-food items (other modules)
◦ Do not confuse investment with consumption expenditures
◦ Are they the kinda items that contribute to well being: so dont incl. fertilizer
 Add housing expenditures
◦ Often based on hedonic regressions, given that owner occupiers do not report rent
payments
◦ Shelter can be very different in value. Know what rent they pay. Many are not
renting.
◦ 'Hypothetical rent'. Or econometric estimate. If you have the characteristics, you can
forecast.
 Add use-value of consumer durables
◦ Impute a stream of consumption services rather than purchase expense of “lumpy”
consumption items
◦ Lumpy: klonterig. For example car: investment 1 time. Convert ownership in a stream
of consumption services.


The Headcount With Alternative Consumption Aggregations

Consumption
Aggregate Ecuador Nepal Brazil

Food Spending plus
Basic Non-Food Spending 1.00 1.00 1.00

Food plus Basic Non-Food 0.85 0.91 0.89
Spending Including Energy
and Education Spending

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