BBS2052 ~ Neuromuscular Control of Movement
Dit document bevat alle cases van het blok. Verder bevat het samenvattingen van de hoorcolleges en van een aantal practica en het zit vol met afbeeldingen/figuren die verduidelijking geven aan de tekst.
Lecture Introduction to neuromuscular control of human movement 71
Lecture Free Body Diagram 75
Lecture How the brain makes us move 83
Lecture Neuromechanics of locomotion (walking & running) 94
Lecture Vestibular Organ 99
Lecture Static & Dynamic balance 113
Lecture: Cartilage and Osteoporosis 115
Lecture Channelopathy 119
Lecture Relearning how to walk 126
Practical Gait Cycle 126
,Case 1 → The rythm of walking
https://eleum.maastrichtuniversity.nl/bbcswebdav/pid-1223837-dt-content-rid-6385772_1/cou
rses/2019-2020-500-BBS2052/BBS2052_Case%201_2019-2020.pdf
Brainstorm
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) can lead to severe locomotor deficits or even complete leg
paralysis
- how to control allmuscles involved in walking?
- how to deal with all sensory information that is normally used to adjust the gait
pattern to external influences?
Targeted spinal cord stimulation neurotechnologies
→ spatiotemporal stimulation
- enabled voluntary control of walkin in induviduals who had SCI
- implanted pulse generator with real-time triggering capabilities
- deilver selective stimulation
- 8 spinal electrode positions on each side of the lumbosacral spinal cord
- gait cycle →
- how does this relativiley simpel technique work?
- why do they need spatiotemporal patterns?
- how to best quantify if the resulting locomotor pattern is
functional?
Learning goals
1. Basic concept and anatomy related to walking
spinal cord →
2. What is the Gait cycle and how does it work? (phases
and muscles involved)
1
,https://documents.library.maastrichtuniversity.nl/surf/default.aspx?f=0d607d91-83ec-487c-96
e7-8fb030b08072
LOCOMOTION: the controlled act of moving the body as a whole from one place to
another.
double support and singel support
stance has double and single
the overlap is the duoble supporter phase (weight exeptance phase)
you need the doublesupport phase
- kinetic neregy is maximal
in single the centre of mass is at the highest point and miximal potenital energy
inverted pendulum → stance leg
regular energy for the swing leg
→ to save me
When locomotion is self-propelled, three components of control can be distinguished:
(1) Control of the limb and body movements that generate propulsive forces. in
human beings, these will usually be leg movements.
(2) Control of where you are going. This includes the control of direction (steering), the
control of speed (going faster, slowing down and stopping), the control of altitude and
landing (if flying), and route finding.
(3) Control of posture and orientation. The body must be kept properly oriented
during locomotion; otherwise effective propulsion and control would be impossible.
w
how much do the knee/ankle/hip bent
you shouldbe able to draw the GRF and vise versa so when a GRD is given you have
to tell which muscles aare active
STANCE PHASE: the part of the locomotor movement cycle of one leg during which
some part of the foot is in contact with the ground. Starts when the foot first
contacts the ground, and ends the moment it breaks contact.
→ power-stroke 60%
A. During the Initial Contact Phase, also called the Heel-Strike, the heel encounters the
ground. In this phase both feet touch the ground.
2
, B. In the Loading Response Phase, or Foot-Flat Phase, the foot sits flat on the
ground and the weight is transferred onto said foot, which is important for
weight-bearing, shock-absorption and forward progression.
C. The Midstance involves the alignment and balancing of body weight on the
reference foot. During this phase the body begins to move from force absorption at
impact, to force propulsion forward.
D. In the Terminal Stance the heel rises from the ground, however the toes are still in
contact with the ground. During this Heel-Off phase the body weight is divided over
the metatarsal heads.
E. During the Toe-Off Phase, also known as Pre-Swing, the toes also swing into the air
and the contact with the ground is lost.
SWING PHASE: the part of the locomotor movement cycle of one leg during which
no part of the foot is in contact with the ground. Starts when the foot breaks
contact with the ground, and ends the moment it makes contact again.
→ return-stroke 40%
F. Initial swing
G. Mid-swing
H. Terminal swing
parameters for the gait cycle
- Step length is the length measured parallel to the Line of Progression of the
body, from the posterior contact (heel) of the previous footfall to the posterior
contact (heel) of the current opposing footfall.
- Stride length is the distance measured parallel to the Line of Progression,
between the Posterior Heel points of two consecutive footprints of the foot in
question
- Step width is the distance measured between line of progression of the left
foot and the line of progression of the right foot.
- Foot angle is the angle between the line of progression and the foot axis. Foot
Angle is zero when the foot axis is parallel to the line of progression. The Foot
Angle is positive when the foot axis points lateral to the line of progression.
3
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