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  2.  
  3. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  4.  
  5. Introduction to Psychology & its Methods (P_BIPM_AI)

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Summary of lectures - Introduction to Psychology and its Methods
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This document contains a thorough summary of the lectures provided. It goes over each definition and concept and explains them well. It is a must-have to pass the exam, as it contains many questions that range from every topic, which is a hefty amount of information to learn.

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  • 30 oktober 2020
  • 49
  • 2020/2021
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Topic I : Genes and Evolution

violent
genes
:
Genetic basis :




70 's no , environment Violent ? seventies : no ! determined
genes behaviour
: →
is
by
°




90 's :
yes environment

Now : both nineties ! environment doesn't matter
yes
:




today :
result of interaction between
genes
Human cells : and environment



⇐ NYE
-

Human cells : have a nucleus ,
each nucleus contains

23 pairs of chromosomes (46) ,
each chromosome carries

a strand of DNA in the double helix structure , which each

23 pairs consists of a backbone made of alternating groups of

and

✓
Each
phosphate sugars
.



sugar has one of four


nitrogen s
guanine CG)
attached to it adenine CA) , thymine CT)
:
, ,



cytosine CC) The two strands of DNA are held up by consistent


g¥§
double helix .




bonds formed by base pairs ( adenine es thymine) ( guanine

cytosine)
to .
These bases encode valuable
genetic information,
called
genes .




Genes
'

:



'




meaningful sections of DNA molecule

Genes
meaningful govern cell 's function by instructing the protein creation
-

:
,



instructs protein
-



production of protein occurs in ribosomes

creation .

Gene expression
-


if a gene is turned on or
off
Gene expression the extent to which a is transcribed into a
sequence
gene
-

:




decides if amino acids ( protein)
a
gene of
is turned off or -

that is
any skin cells t brain cells

certain attach
on ,
controlled by
.



Methylation :
methyl cells to the genes to

environment turn them off

controlled biochemical environment inside the cell
by
'




Genotype specific which is influenced by factors ( e.g environment outside
-
: .




set of the cell overall environment ,
genes , timing in development ,




experience ,
behaviour ) .




phenotype :
Spielman ( 19677 :
study about cell formation and
-




environ
genotype + .
environment

Genotype
-




'
an organisms specific set of genes
'




phenotype
-




-

overt traits and behaviours of an
organism
determined environment
by genotype
-


x




Debate about violent
genes is studied until today .




Genes govern what happens to our cells in our bodies
Crne decides cells function
expression now are
going to

,Monozygotic Monozygotic twins have same
genotype but vary in
phenotype
-


: :




identical .

Our
genes come from our parents



Ft(⇐BE¥/ ¥
46
17 Egg 23 chromosomes Chromosomes
:

> baby
'

:



23
homozygote sperm : chromosomes
.




allele Each gene is paired with another
.




Y]Eog¥q
heterozygote
-

Located at corresponding positions on pairs of chromosomes
l l
l l
allele Allele specific variant
Ly of
one a
gene
:
-




Dominant their effect even if the individual
'

: show has

Dominant : brown only one copy )
(heterozygote

eyes Recessive only if individual has both copies
.


: show the


Recessive : blue eyes ( homozygote)
A specific trait behaviour is determined interaction
or
by the
-




Behaviour trait : between the environment and

dictated
by one
gene pair OR
-




environment + Cone -

multiple gene pairs
:
paygenetic inheritance

specific gene OR The genome ( organisms complete DNA) shaped by
-
'

set of is

multiple gene pairs) evolution (Darwin 1859)

hypothesized modern
organisms
'
Darwin that all
-




Evolution to occur : .

are descended from a small set of shared ancestors
°

Variation have
merged time
through evolution
i


over

C differential
Higher rates of Evolution : natural selection survival and
- '




survival phenotype)
t
iprodeection due to


reproduction three conditions
-


:




Trait (
genotype) variation among individuals of a population
^ .




is passed on
-


individuals with these traits survive and reproduce

at
higher rates than others

survival of the trait is passed generations
'


the therefore on to newer
-

- -




is and better represented
genes more


important Trait
'




genotype
-
-




-


survival of the genes
> survival of individuals

Evidence for erol Evidence evolutionary
-



modern
theory
:
.

for :


°
Fossil records '

Fossil records → snows that Earth is
very old ,
explains the

(microscopic) different types of flava & fauna

Resemblance various
Resemblance between
organisms
•


genomes
'



of

between species .



Anthropoid apes
=
humans


pseudogenes Apes 24 pairs
•
have human chromosomes made
-

→ are


Distribution Of (fused evolution)
•

2
up of ape chromosomes during
species pseudogenes
-




Genes that don't do (e.g GIOA enzyme glucose
anything
'


.
→



vitamin c )


Evolution was very critised ,
but with time , if has been proven over

and over .
Darwin knew nothing about genes when he made his theory .

, distribution species around the world
-




of

continental ± oceanic
-




-


oceanic islands were never connected to the

continent

( continental) while
japan has
many species hawaii
-




( oceanic) had basic species ( aquatic because
they
could reach
by )
sea

People skeptical evolution
-


are about

'

Evolution adapts organisms t improve
Genes and behaviour

continuous -


Nature (genes) vs Nurture ( environment)

interaction between -

Irrelevant → continuous interaction between the two

-1 environment How specific environments
genes our
genes are expressed in
-




dictate who we determine who we are

and
are MAOA gene environment on
aggressive behaviour
-




-


Gene comes in the corms :




MAOA
gene leads to
high levels MAO
:
one of
-




low levels of '


other leads to low levels

MAO protein t
Measured children mistreated their
.




union were
by
maltreatment -
-


parents
more violent t Results showed that participants that had low MAOA
'




more likely to and were maltreated were much more violent than

be arrested for others .




Violent crimes
genes necessarily
.



. : a violent person does not have violent ,


it is interaction and environment
an between
genes .




Your genes limit can be and
who
you your
environment decides within that limit who are
, ,
you
going to become .

, Topic 2 :
the Brain and the Nervous system


Peripheral : all Introduction
other nerves Genes shape nervous
system
-



our

-



central nervous system : brain + spinal cord

N S (support)
:
glia peripheral all other nerves in the
body
:
n s
-


. - .
.




+ neurons (transmit -


Brain determines our behaviour

information Building blocks of the nervous system
Made up of the basic cells
-

:




Dendrites : receive '


Glia :
supportive function
'

Neurons : receive and transmit information through
Axioms :
transmit eeetricae signals
-

cell body : contains nucleus


Types of neurons
: -
Dendrites : receive signals
-




sensory ( physical -


Axons :
transmits signal
stimulus → electrical Different types
-




of neurons :




signals) sensory receptors capable of translating physical
-

:



( carries touch)
sensory eeetricae Ce g
-


stimulus into
signals -
.




info TO CNS) sensory (
afferent) carries
-



neurons :
information to the


motor ( carries central
-

nervous system
info FROM )
CNS -

Motor C
efferent neurons) : carries information from

Interneurons cells
-


CNS to muscle

(in between -
.


interneurons : in between afferent and efferent , they
located in CNS) make connections in the CNS

communication among neurons

communication : -


covered
by fatty membrane that is semi -

permeable
-

neuron is semi - -


when neuron is at rest there is a p - d . between the


permeable outside and inside of the cell →
different number of

rest 70mV
:
negatively and positively charged molecules
• -




inside
rely charged At potential
: mV
rest 70
resting
-
.
: -
→




stimulated -140mV inside
negatively charged
-

:
-

=




inside
they charged stimulated p d between outside and inside
:
-

: - .



may
change p in d
change fire action potential generated
-

→ →
may
- .




occurs
locally stimulated -140mV →
inside +
rely charged
.
:


-

rest : Nat out ,
i




change in p.d. occurs locally at some place in

Kt in the i. travels through the
membrane ,
e .
the voltage
stimulated Natin
-




membrane propagation
: =
,


Kt alt .


Membrane has ion channels :




-


Rest : Nat pumped out and K+ seeps in

stimulated Nat flows in immediately after
'

:
,



Nat channels close and K+ is
pumped out

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