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Summary Cognitive Psychology summaries

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PYC3703 Cognitive Psychology summaries

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  • 17 november 2020
  • 58
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
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PYC3703
COGNITION
Contents
PYC3703 ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
COGNITION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
chapter 1:........................................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY .................................................................................................. 3
ABANDONING THE STUDY OF THE MIND ...................................................................................................... 5
THE REBIRTH OF THE STUDY OF THE MIND................................................................................................... 6
MODERN RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY ........................................................................................ 7
APPLYING DONDERS’ SUBTRACTION METHOD ............................................................................................. 8
chapter 2:........................................................................................................................................................... 9
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE............................................................................................................................... 9
NEURONS: COMMUNICATION AND REPRESENTATION ................................................................................ 9
ORGANIZATION: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 12
ORGANIZATION: BRAIN IMAGING ............................................................................................................... 13
NEURAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................................... 14
FROM CORRELATION TO CAUSATION ......................................................................................................... 15
chapter 3:......................................................................................................................................................... 16
PERCEPTION..................................................................................................................................................... 16
NATURE OF PERCEPTION ............................................................................................................................. 16
WHY IS IT SO DIFFICULT TO DESIGN A PERCEIVING MACHINE? .................................................................. 16
INFO FOR HUMAN PERCEPTION .................................................................................................................. 16
CONCEPTIONS OF OBJECT PERCEPTION ...................................................................................................... 17
NEURONS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 18
INTERACTION BETWEEN PERCEIVING AND TAKING ACTION ...................................................................... 19
ROLE OF CULTURE IN PERCEPTION ............................................................................................................. 20
chapter 5:......................................................................................................................................................... 21
SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORY ......................................................................................................... 21
MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY ...................................................................................................................... 21
SENSORY MEMORY...................................................................................................................................... 21
SHORT-TERM MEMORY ............................................................................................................................... 22
WORKING MEMORY .................................................................................................................................... 22
WORKING MEMORY AND THE BRAIN ......................................................................................................... 24

1

, STRESS AND WORKING MEMORY ............................................................................................................... 25
chapter 6:......................................................................................................................................................... 26
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................... 26
COMPARING STM AND LTM PROCESSES ..................................................................................................... 26
EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC MEMORY ........................................................................................................... 28
PROCEDURAL MEMORY, PRIMING AND CONDITIONING ............................................................................ 29
IMAGINING THE FUTURE ............................................................................................................................. 30
chapter 7:......................................................................................................................................................... 31
LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING, RETRIEVAL AND CONSOLIDATION ......................................................... 31
ENCODING: GETTING INFO INTO LTM ......................................................................................................... 31
RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFO OUT OF MEMORY ............................................................................................ 33
CONSOLIDATION: LIFE HISTORY OF MEMORIES.......................................................................................... 34
EFFECTIVE STUDYING .................................................................................................................................. 36
chapter 8:......................................................................................................................................................... 38
EVERYDAY MEMORY AND MEMORY ERRORS ................................................................................................. 38
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (AM): WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN MY LIFE ................................................. 38
MEMORY FOR “EXCEPTIONAL” EVENTS ...................................................................................................... 39
THE CONSTRUCTIVE NATURE OF MEMORY ................................................................................................ 41
MEMORY CAN BE MODIFIED / CREATED BY SUGGESTION ......................................................................... 42
WHY DO PEOPLE MAKE ERRORS IN EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY?.................................................................. 43
FLAWED MEMORY SYSTEM: ........................................................................................................................ 45
chapter 12:....................................................................................................................................................... 46
PROBLEM SOLVING (PS) .................................................................................................................................. 46
GESTALT APPROACH: PROBLEM SOLVING AS REPRESENTATION AND RESTRUCTURING ........................... 46
INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACH: PS AS A SEARCH PROCESS......................................................... 47
USING ANALOGIES TO SOLVE PROBLEMS ................................................................................................... 48
HOW EXPERTS SOLVE PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................... 48
CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING ..................................................................................................................... 49
chapter 13:....................................................................................................................................................... 51
JUDGEMENT, REASONING, AND DECISIONS ................................................................................................... 51
MAKING JUDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 51
DEDUCTIVE REASONING: SYLLOGISMS AND LOGIC .................................................................................... 53
DECISION MAKING: CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................ 55
DUAL SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THINKING ................................................................................................... 57




2

, chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The mind is:
 involved in memory
 a problem-solver
 used to make decisions
 associated with normal functioning
 valuable
 intelligent and creative

cognition:
 the mind creates and controls mental function such as
 perception
 attention
 memory
 emotions
 language
 deciding
 thinking
 reasoning

how the mind operates:
 mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve
our goals



Studying the mind: early work in cognitive psychology
 1800s – ideas that it was not possible to study the mind
 reason: not possible for the mind to study itself
 there are properties of the mind that cannot be measured
 term “cognitive psychology” – 1967



summary of early pioneers in cognitive psychology
Person Date Procedure Results and Conclusions Contribution
Donders 1868 Simple reaction time vs Choice reaction takes 100 First cognitive
choice reaction time milliseconds longer; psychology
therefore, it takes 100 experiment
milliseconds to make a
decision
Wundt 1879 Analytic introspection No reliable results Established the first
laboratory od
scientific psychology
Ebbinghaus 1885 Savings method to Forgetting occurs rapidly in Quantitative
measure forgetting the first 1 – 2 days after measurement of
original learning mental processes

3

, James 1890 No experiments; reported Descriptions of a wide range First psychology
observations of his own of experiences textbook; some of
experience his observations are
still valid today




1868: Donders’ experiment: How long does it take to make a decision?
 one of the first cognitive psychology experiments
 illustrates: mental responses cannot be measured directly, but must be inferred from behaviour




1879: Wundt’s psychology laboratory: Structuralism and analytic introspection
 analytical introspection: technique in which trained participants describe their sensations, feelings
and thought process in response to stimuli




1885: Ebbinghaus’ memory experiment: What is the time course of forgetting?
 nature of memory and forgetting
 how information is lost over time
 used a quantitative method
 smaller savings = more forgetting
 both Ebbinghaus & Donders: measured behaviour to determine a property of the mind




4

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