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Summary Notes for Media Law and Ethics

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Notes from lectures and some of the readings for this course

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  • 20 november 2020
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  • 2020/2021
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Notes for Media Law and Ethics
Readings + Lectures


Merril - Theoretical foundations for Media
Ethics
Ethical concern: starting point
 Sense of right conduct must be
o Developed
o Thought about
o Reasoned through
o Cared deeply about
o "nutured"
 Ethics is at a personal level

Theoretical basis for ethical codes - Ethical absolutism
 Rule based ethics
 Many of maxims found in codes of ethics seem to reflect a proclivity for this
formalistic absolutism

Two main ethical emphases:
 In both cases the media person is concerned with ethics and wants to do the right or
best thing
 They are not mutually exclusive
 Social or communitarian ethics
o The mass communicator can be concerned mainly with taking ethical cues
from society, colleagues and from the community
o Relies on group-driven ethics
o Stressed other-directed ethical action
o However is does not ignore individuality
 Personal or individual ethics
o They can emphasize personal ethical development and put community
priorities second
o Relies on personally determined ethics
o Stressed inner-directed ethical action
o However does not discourage cooperative or social concerns
Communitarians Libertarians
Groupists Individualists
Egalitarians Enlightenment liberals
altruists Existentialists
Traits Traits
Restrained freedom Maximum freedom
Civic transformation Self-transformation
Normative ethics codes Personal ethical codes
Selflessness Self-concern
Cooperation Self-enhancement
Social influence on policy Personal influence
Bonding/conformity Autonomy/diversity
Group-progress Competition/meritocracy

, "other-directed" "inter-directed" diverse worldviews
Like minded worldview Total spectrum news
Positive, cohesive news Social information
Social guidance Universal competition
Universal solidarity Disagreement on ethics
Agreement on common ethics Relative-situation ethics
Universal-legalistic ethics Anti-media professionalization
Media professionalism

Exemplars Exemplars
Confucius Aristotle
Plato Locke
Marx Jaspers
Jonas Jefferson
Christians Madison

According to Henry:
 Libertarian
o Holds fast to individualistic ethical development
o Improve society by stressing self-improvement and individual decision-
making
 Communitarian
o Seeks to enhance the community and take ethical nourishment from the
group
o Improve society by sublimating personal concerns to community wishes and
cooperatively making decisions that are designed to eliminate friction

The Importance of Freedom in Discussions of Ethics
 If there is no freedom, then the media person is acting in accordance with a
controlling agent and cannot really be making an individual ethical decision
 In western society (e.g. US), journalist and people generally put their trust in the
owners and managers of their media: this loyalty affects their concepts of ethics
o Many people feel western journalism is irresponsible, biased, greedy,
imperialistic, and harmful to nation-building
o Natural to view western media morality as intrinsically bad
 In non-western countries (e.g. Singapore, Saudi Arabia), loyalty is to a political or
religious authority: social order is often more important than individual pluralism or private
media system

Two main paradigms
 Western freedom-centered one that has grown out of the European Enlightenment
o Designed for maximum freedom and consequently permits excess in
journalistic activity
 The non-western authority-centered one that prevails in most of the world
o Designed to bring about an increasing degree of social order

 In social-order (authoritarian) countries, the media system is not much concerned
with ethics, but with guiding principles and controls places on the press by the political
authority

,  Journalists have guidelines and rules; what is the proper thing to do is determined
for them a priori, so there is no real need for any serious consideration of ethical behaviour
 Countries with less press freedom = decreasingly concerned with ethics

Three classes of ethical theories
Two main/mega-theories of ethics:
 Deontological: those that base ethical actions on a priori principle or maxims that
are accepted as guides for such actions
 Teleological: those that base ethical actions on a consideration or their
consequences


Three main types of ethical theory:
 Absolutist/legalistic theories - Aristotelianism, Confucianism, Kantianism
o Deontological
 Consequence theories - utilitarianism, altruism, egoism, the social contract theory
o Teleological
 Personalist theories: which are predominantly subjective and individualistic -
including the instinctual, emotive, antinomian, and existential

Deontological Ethic Theory
 Has to do with duty: following formalistic rules, principles or maxims
 If you follow the rules (e.g. giving sources), you are ethical; if you don't you are
unethical
 Leading deontologist in ethics was Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German
philosopher
o Believed that only an action taken out of self-imposed duty could be ethical
o Formulated categorical imperative - what was ethical for a person to do was
what that person would will that everyone should do






Teleological Ethical Theory (aka consequence-related mega-theory)
 Says that the person trying to decide what to do attempts to predict what the
consequences will be if A is done instead of B
 The object is to choose the action that will bring the most good to the party the
actor deems most important

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