College aantekeningen

College aantekeningen Neuropsychology/Neuropsychologie

1 keer verkocht

Vak
Neuropsychology

Instelling
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)

College aantekeningen van Neuropsychology/Neuropsychologie, Met heel veel plaatjes ter verduidelijking van de stof! Let op aantekeningen, zijn net als het vak in het Engels!

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 112 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Geupload op 7 januari 2021
Aantal pagina's 112
Geschreven in 2020/2021
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Onbekend
Bevat Alle colleges

Volgen

jlenselink Lid sinds 7 jaar 57 documenten verkocht

€6,49

In winkelwagen

Op verlanglijstje

100% tevredenheidsgarantie
Direct beschikbaar na je betaling
Lees online óf als PDF
Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten

Neuropsychology

CBWL 1 – Evolution & Function of the nervous system
Evolution & historical perspectives on mind & brain

Why is the brain so important?
The brain’s primary function is to produce behavior. To do so, it must:
• receive information about the world;
• integrate information to create a sensory reality;
• make a constant stream of predictions about what to expect;
• produce commands to control the movement of muscles.
The make up of the nervous system altogether allows the brain to do so.

What is Behavior?
• Relatively Fixed Behaviors
- Dependent on heredity
• Relatively Flexible Behaviors
- Dependent on learning
• Complexity of behavior varies considerably in different species
depending on complexity of nervous system

Philosophy of brain and behavior: Aristotle and Mentalism
Mentalism
• An explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial
mind
• Ancient Greece: Aristotle
- Psyche or soul: Synonym for mind; an entity once
proposed to be the source of human behavior, that lives
after death

Philosophy of brain and behavior: Descartes and Dualism
Dualism
• Both a nonmaterial mind and the material body contribute to behavior
• Mind directs rational behavior
• Body and brain direct all other behavior via mechanical and physical principles
- Examples: sensation, movement, and digestion
• Mind is connected to the body through the pineal gland of the brain
• Mind–Body Problem
- Difficult / impossible to explain a nonmaterial mind in command of a material body

Philosophy of brain and behavior: Darwin and Materialism
Materialism
• Behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system without considering the
mind as a separate substance
• Related to evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin

Darwin’s Concept of Natural Selection:
• Differential success in the reproduction (i.e., passing on your genes) of different
characteristics / behavior (phenotypes) results from the interaction of organisms with
their environment!!
• Traits / behavior that increase reproductive success and chances of survival will be
passed on to offspring
• Competition is a key concept

,Evolutions of Animals having Nervous Systems

Humans have got a relatively large brain compared to their body weight. There is probably a
relation between this fact and the fact that we, humans, can show complex behavior.

Neuroplasticity
• The brain is plastic:
- Neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are
organized
- Because the brain can adapt to the world, different species could develop
- Neuroplasticity is seen both in the developing brain and in adaptations of brain
structure following injury

Epigenetics
• Study of differences in gene expression related to environment and experience
• Epigenetic factors do not change your genes, but they do influence how your genes
operate
• Epigenetic changes can persist throughout a lifetime, and the cumulative effects can
make dramatic differences in how your genes work and how likely a species is to
pass on its genes → evolution

,Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization:
Phenotypic Plasticity
An individual’s genotype (genetic makeup) interacts with the environment to elicit a specific
phenotype from a large repertoire of possibilities

Studying Brain and Behavior in Modern Humans
The brain – and especially the cortex – is highly flexible
- That means that humans can live VERY different life styles in VERY different
environments, with equal skill and success. That also means that individual
differences in brain organization are huge! The average brain does not exist!

Anatomical & functional divisions of the nervous system

Central nervous system
Brain

Overview of the structure of the brain
- Forebrain: major structure of the brain, consisting of two almost identical hemispheres
(left and right). Prominent in mammals and birds, responsible for most higher order
conscious behaviors
- Cerebellum: “little brain”. Involved in the coordination of motor and cognitive
processes
- Brainstem: central structures of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus
& hypothalamus. Source of behavior in simpler animals, responsible for most of our
unconscious behaviors
- Spinal cord: consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between
the brain and the rest of the body including reflexes

Forebrain:
- Cerebral / Neo cortex
The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet
composed of 6 layers of nerve cells folded
many times to fit inside the skull,
responsible for regulating various mental
activities
- Allocortex Cortex
Evolutionary older part of cortex consisting
of 3 or 4 layers of nerve cells present in
structures of the limbic system (cingulate cortex,
hippocampus, amygdala), as well as structures related to
the olfactory system.

Cingulate cortex:
Controlling motivational states, attention, and self-
monitoring

, Orientation
“Brain–Body Orientation” illustrates brain-structure location from the frame of reference of the
face

“Anatomical Orientation” illustrates the direction of a cut, or section, through the brain (part A)
from the perspective of a viewer (part B)

Axial = horizontal

Check your terms
- Anterior
- Caudal
- Coronal
- Dorsal
- Frontal
- Horizontal
- Inferior
- Lateral
- Medial
- Posterior
- Rostral
- Sagittal
- Superior
- Ventral

Cell structure: important structural categories

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper jlenselink. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis