Samenvatting
samenvatting PKG
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- PKG Jaar 1
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
samenvatting van de behandelde hoofdstukken van Persoonlijkheid, Klinische en gezondheidspsychologie in bachelor jaar 1 van psychologie
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 73 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 73 pagina's
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PKG BoekHoofdstuk 1 – looking at abnormality
Cultural norms play a huge role in defining abnormality
Cultural relativism = the view that there are no universal standards or rules for
labeling a behavior abnormal; instead, behaviors can be labeled abnormal only
relative to cultural norms.
culture and gender can influence the ways people express symptoms
culture and gender can influence people’s willingness ti admit to certain types of
behavior or feelings
culture and gender can influence the types of treatment deemed acceptable or
helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors
Judgement of Abnormality is influenced by ‘the four D’s’;
- Dysfunction interfere with daily life
- Distress stealing, violence etc.
- Deviance hearing voices
- Dangerousness wanting to hurt themselves
Biological theories = have viewed abnormal behavior as similar to physical
diseases, caused by breakdown of systems in the body solution; restoration of the
bodily health
Supernatural theories = have viewed abnormal behavior as a result of divine
intervention, curses, demonic possession and personal sin solution; exorcisms
and religious rituals.
Psychological theories = have viewed abnormal behavior as a result of traumas,
such as bereavement, or of chronic stress solution; relaxation and rest
One treatment for abnormality during the Stone Age and will into the Middle ages
may have been to drill holes in the skull of a person displaying abnormal behavior to
allow the spirits to depart trephination
Ancient Chinese medicine was based on the concept of yin and yang. The human
body was said to contain a positive force (yang) and a negative force (yin), which
confronted and complemented each other if the two forces were in balance, the
individual was healthy. If not, illness, including insanity could result.
Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome;
The Egyptians believed that the uterus could become dislodged and wander
throughout a woman’s body, interfering with her other organs. Later, the Greeks,
holding to the same theory of anatomy, named this disorder hysteria.
Most Greeks and Romans saw abnormal behavior as an affliction from the gods
,Hippocrates classified abnormal behavior into four categories;
- Epilepsy
- Mania
- Melancholia
- Brain fever
The treatments prescribed by the Greek physicians were intended to restore the
balance of the four humors
During the Middle Ages abnormality may have been interpreted as being due to
witchcraft
Psychic epidemics = a phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in
unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin
in psychic epidemics and mass hysterias groups of people show similar
psychological and behavioral symptoms. These have been attributed to common
stresses or beliefs.
Even well into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, people who acted abnormally
were shut away in prisonlike conditions, tortured, starved or ignored.
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the growth of a more humane
treatment of people with mental health problems mental hygiene movement
this new treatment was based on the psychological view that people developed
problems because they had become separated from nature and had succumbed to
the stresses imposed by the rapid social changes of the period
A leader of the movement for moral treatment of people with abnormality was
Philippe Pinel.
As a part of the mental hygiene movement, the moral management of mental
hospitals became more widespread. Patients in these hospitals were treated with
kindness and given the best biological treatments available. However, effective
biological treatments for most psychological problems were not available until the
mid-twentieth century.
Modern biological perspectives on psychological disorders were advanced by
Kraepelin’s development of a classification system and the discovery that general
paresis is caused by a syphilis infection
The psychoanalytic perspective began with the work of Anton Mesmer, it grew as
Jean Charcot, and eventually Sigmund Freud, became interested in the role of the
unconscious in producing abnormality
Behaviorism – the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on
behavior (Watson, Skinner)
1970 psychology shifted its focus substantially to the study of cognitions, thought
processes that influence behavior and emotion.
,Bandura argued that people’s beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors
necessary to control important events – which he called self-efficacy beliefs – are
crucial in determining people’s well-being.
Albert Ellis argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by
irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world Ellis developed a
therapy for emotional problems based on his theory called rational-emotive therapy.
By 1960, a large and vocal movement known as the patient’s right movement had
emerged.
Patients’ rights advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or
live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community with the support of
community-based treatment facilities – a process known as deinstitutionalization
the deinstitutionalization movement attempted to move mental patients from mental
health facilities to community-based mental health centers unfortunately,
community-based mental health centers have never been fully funded or supported,
leaving many former mental patients with few resources in the community.
Halfway houses offer people with long-term mental health problems the
opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment as they try to reestablish
working relationships and ties to family and friends.
Day treatment centers allow people to obtain treatment during the day, along
with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but live at home at night.
Managed care = a collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from
simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for.
the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to
prevent future medical problems
often, health care providers are given a set amount of money per member per
month and then must determine how best to serve each patient.
Managed care can solve some of the problems created by deinstitutionalization.
for example, instead of leaving it up to people with a serious psychological
problem, or their families, to find appropriate care, the primary provider might find this
are and ensure that patients have access to it.
unfortunately, however, mental health care often is not covered fully by health
insurance.
Professions within abnormal psychology;
- Psychiatrists
- Psychologists
- Marriage and family therapists
- Clinical social workers
- Licensed mental health counselors
- Psychiatric nurses
, Hoofdstuk 2 – theories and treatment of abnormality
Biopsychosocial approach = recognizing that it is often a combination of biological,
psychological and sociocultural factors that result in the development of
psychological symptoms
Only when the risk factor and the trigger or stress come together in the same
individual does the full-blown disorder emerge diathesis-stress model
Biological approach;
- Brain dysfunction
- Biochemical imbalance
- Genetic abnormalities
- Drug therapies
- ECT
- Psychosurgery
Structural abnormalities in the brain can be caused by faulty genes, by disease or
injury. Which particular area of the brain is damaged influences the symptoms
individuals show.
Corpus callosum
Bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
Involved in many of our most advanced thinking processes
Thalamus
Relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals
Hypothalamus
Responsible for regulating basic biological needs; hunger, thirst, temperature control.
Pituitary gland
‘master’ gland that regulates other endocrine glands
Cerebellum
Involved in balance and the control of movement
Pons
Involved in sleep and arousal
Reticular formation
A network of neurons related to sleep, arousal and attention
Medulla
Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and
circulation
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