Summary of Junqueira's Basic Histology bundle available
82 keer bekeken 2 keer verkocht
Vak
Medicine
Instelling
Medical School
Boek
Junqueira\\\'s Basic Histology
bundle available with same price
Include all chapters from 1-23.
Summary for fast reviewing knowledge for Histology by Junqueira.
please check on Junqueira's Basic Histology 14ed.
02 connective tissue histology notes to 31 slides / images Class notes MTY1204 (histology) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Fiifteenth Edition, ISBN: 9781260026177
05 bone histology 39 notes to slides / images Class notes MTY1204 (histology) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Fiifteenth Edition, ISBN: 9781260026177
Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
Alles voor dit studieboek
(16)
Geschreven voor
Medical School
Medicine
Alle documenten voor dit vak (4)
Verkoper
Volgen
elunabolala
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
1. Histology & Its Methods of Study
Fixation(cross-link to degrade protiens) formalin(37% formaldehyde-LM; glutaraldehyde+buffered osmium
tetroxide-EM)->Dehydration->Embedding(denaturation) paraffin(infiltration melted-LM)/plastic
resins(LM/EM)-> Mounting/Trimming(microtome for LM)-> Staining
EM additional “ultrastructural”; Embedding plastic resin avoids higher temperatures needed with paraffin
Basophilic(anionic): Hematoxylin, Toluidine/Alcian/Methylene blue(DNA/RNA-nucleus,
RER-cytoplasm/GAG/matrix of cartilage/proteoglycan/nucleolus)
Acidophilic(cationic): Eosin(counterstain), orange G, acid fuchsin(Mitochondria/secretory granules/collagen)
Azurophilic granules produce Metachromasia(toluidine blue, change basic dye)
Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS): hexose rings of polysaccharides(mucin granules/glycogen deposits/glycocalyx),
magenta(purple pink), Feulgen reaction->DNA nuclei
Lipid-rich avoiding (heat/organic solvent): Sudan III black(lipid soluble)
Metal impregnation: silver salt
Virtual microscopy: slide-scanning microscope-> high resolution digital image
Fluorescence Microscopy: Acridine orange binds DNA/RNA; DAPI/Hoechst bind DNA(nuclei), Fluorescein
bind antibody
Phase-Contrast(without fixation/staining/dying): refractory index, differential interference microscopy(3D,
Nomarski optics)
Confocal microscopy: focal plane->pinhole plate
Birefringence: ability to rotate the direction of polarized light(Dark background)
TEM(plastic resin embedded): beam electrons focused using electromagnetic lenses, heavy metal ions add
in fixation/dehydration(osmium tetroxide/lead citrate/uranyl) bind macromolecule to increase electron
density and intensity
SEM: surface first dried and spray-coated with heavy metal(gold) which reflects electrons
Autoradiography: localizing newly synthesized radioactively labeled metabolites(nucleotides, AA,
sugars): silver bromide crystals reduced by radiation produce small black grains of metallic silver
Immunohistochemistry(Antibodies): tagged fluorescent peroxidase for LM/electron-dense gold particles
for TEM
In situ hybridization(ISH): DNA/RNA initially denatured by heat to single stranded->Probe cDNA is tagged
with nucleotides containing a radioactive isotope(localized by autoradiography)
2. The Cytoplasm
Integrins: link cytoskeleton/ECM components;
Peripheral proteins(salt solutions): mostly cytoplasmic side/bound to integral protein
Integral protein(lipid solution) embedded in lipid layer
Phagocytosis: engulfed by pseudopodia
Lipid rafts: protein/enzyme complex with high concentration cholesterol/saturated fatty acids to reduce lipid
fluidity
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis: peripheral protein: Clathrin/caveolin+adaptor proteins with Dynamin(neck
of pit)-> Coated pits-> Coated vesicle/vacuoles(Caveolae-T-tubule)-> fuse with endosomal
compartment-> 1.Late endosome(lysosomal degration) 2.Trancytosis 3.Receptor recycling
,endosome(ligand uncouplin)
Cell signaling membrane receptor proteins linked to kinases/adenylyl cyclase
Membrane trafficking(reduce blood lipid level): process of membrane become endocytosis and recycle in
exocytosis
Paracrine signaling: rapidly metabolized effect target near its source/same type cell(synapse)
Juxtacrine signaling(embryonic tissue interactions): signaling molecule on membrane need two cells make
direct physical contact.
Autocrine signaling: signals bind receptors on the same cells
Polyribosomes(Polysomes, mRNA+ribosome): mRNA(5’end) protein signal sequence(new translated
signal): 6 hydrophobic residues bound Signal recognition particle (SRP, stop polypeptide elongation)->
bound SRP receptors on ER membrane-> SRP releases Signal sequence allow translation continue as
new polypeptide transfer into Translocator/translocon complex(penetrate RER membrane)->signal
sequence removed by signal peptidase in RER
New proteins that cannot be folded/assembled properly by Chaperones(pull polypeptide through
translocon)-> ER-associated degradation (ERAD): transport back cytosol conjugated with ubiquitin->
ubiquitin recognized/attach by Regulatory particles(ATPase) in cylinder end of Proteasome-> unfolding by
ATPase and degraded by endopeptidase-> ubiquitin are released
Golgi apparatus: cis->Coat proteins COPII and COPI(retrograde movement)-> trans, transport vesicle-
>secretory vesicle
Lysosomes(pH 5): acid hydrolyases: proteases/nucleases/phosphatase/phospholipases/sulfatases/β-
glucuronidase
Vesicle fuses activates proton pumps acidify contents allowing digestion->Heterolysosome(Secondary
lysosomes, less electron-dense)
Lipofuscin(pale brown): long-lived cells: neurons/heart muscle
Autophagy: from SER membrane to removal of excess/nonfunctional organelles-> Autophagosome with
lysosome in nutrient stress(starvation), reused in cytoplasm
Proteasomes: cylindrical structure made of 4-stacked rings X 7 proteins including proteases.
Mitochondrial matrix(autonomous): small circular DNA/ribosomes/mRNA
Apoptosis: cytochrome c from inner membrane’s ETC
Porins: outer mitochondrial membrane transmembrane proteins for pyruvate
Inner membrane surface: oxidize pyruvate/fatty acids to form acetyl coenzyme A, Oxidative
phosphorylation(Chemiosmotic process)
Peroxisomes(from SER): 1.Oxidases 2.Catalase 3. inactivate toxic(liver/kidneys) 4. β-oxidation of fatty
acids(major process produce H2O2) 5.formation of bile acids/cholesterol, budding of precursor vesicles
from ER /growth and division of preexisting peroxisomes
Microtubules(Hollow tube of 13 parallel protofilaments polar, 25nm): Heterodimers α/β-tubulin, Maintain
cell’s shape/polarity/chromosome movement(mitotic spindle), arise from/concentrated at
centrosome(MTOCs): paired 2 cylindrical centrioles-> 9 microtubule triplets,
Dynamic instability: continue polymerization and depolymerization depend on concentration of
Tubulin/Ca/Mg/MAPs(associated protein): Tubulin GTP is added(+)->Tubulin GDP(-), stable in
axonemes(cilia/flagella)
,Kinesins: carry material from the MTOC near the nucleus to(+), anterograde
Dyneins: opposite direction, retrograde
Microfilaments(2 intertwined filaments of F-actin polymer, polar, 5-7nm): globular G-actin(42kDa)
monomers that assemble in the presence of K/Mg into a double-stranded helix F-actin, mobile cells/change
cell shape/cytokinesis/endocytosis, microvilli/concentrate beneath cell membrane(G-actin) as cell cortex, g-
actin monomers are added (+) with ATP hydrolysis, new filament for from pool of nucleating proteins
formin(microvilli), Anchor filaments at RBC inner surface of membrane(spectrin)
Intermediate Filament(4 intertwined protofibrils, 8-10nm): subunit: Antiparallel tetramers of 2 a-helical-rod-
like dimers, monomeric proteins: α-helical rod-like proteins, no polarity, dynamic stable, arrayed in
cytoplasm/Desmosome/Nuclear envelope
Class: compose for subunit 2 a-helical-rod-like-dimer
cytokeratins-I/II(acidic/basic, bundle called tonofibril): all epithelial cells, tonofibrils for junctions III:
Vimentin-embryonic mesenchyme, Desmin: smooth muscle GFAP: astrocytes proximal process marker
IV: Neurofilament(L/M/H)-in neurons perikaryon+processes, V:Lamins- nuclear lamin, VI:Nestin(embryonic)
Inclusions(temporary storage): naturally colored material
1Lipid droplets2.Glycogen(glucose stored)3.Melanin(dark brown) granules protect cells from UV
4.Lipofuscin(pale brown granule- residual bodies)6.hemosiderin(brown) aggregate of denatured ferritin
proteins results from phagocytosis of red blood cells
3. The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope: nuclear lamina V- inside inner nuclear membrane, core nucleoporins proteins-8 fold
symmetry, out:ribosomal subunits/RNA/protein ; In: chromatin protein/ribosomal protein/transcription
factors/enzymes/GTPases
Nucleosome: 150 bp, DNA + histones (basic proteins)= 8 histones (H2A,H2B,H3,H4)X2+H1- 50-80 bp
linker DNA connect to H1
DNA 2nm-> Nucleosomes 10nm-> helical folding packed nucleosomes 30nm->
scaffold(euchromatin)300nm/condensed chromosome heterochromatin, nonhistone proteins(condensin)
700nm-> Entire chromosome(sister chromatids) at metaphase 1400nm
Karyopyknosis–condensation; Karyorhexis–fragmentation
Euchromatin: dispesrsed granular EM, lightly basophilic LM, large neuron
Heterochromatin: Edense EM, basophilic clumps LM, Constitutive*- centromeres/telomeres region,
repetitive gene-poor DNA, Facultative*- variably inactivated, epigenetic mechanisms, abundant in
lymphocytes(little synthetic), heterochromatinis concentrated near nuclear lamina, except at nuclear pores,
Barr body/drumstick: facultative heterochromatin inactived X1 females
Chromosomal territories: individual chromosome occupy in cultured human fibroblast nuclei by ISH
Nucleolus: Edense/basophilic, concentrated rRNA transcription(fibrillar/FC) and ribosomal subunits
assembly(granular/GC) in TEM, heterochromatin surround
Cell Cycle(24 to 36h): G1(25h): active RNA/protein synthesis(accumulate the enzymes/nucleotides),
Longest period, daughter return cell size
S(8h): DNA replication+histone synthesis, centrosome duplication paired 4 centriole
, G2: protein accumulate for mitosis G2+Mitosis=2.5-3h
G0: cells to preserve important functions over a long period, muscle/nerve cells
Mitogens/growth factors: Protein signals from ECM activated postmitotic G0 cells then maintain at
restriction point(G1/S) boundary until sufficient nutrients for DNA replication -> S
Cyclins: cytoplasmic proteins-> activate cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs)-> then phosphorylates specific
proteins (enzymes, transcription factors, cytoskeletal subunits) for next phase -> cyclin controlling old cycle
phase removed by proteasomes
Early G1 point Cyclin D-CDK 4/6 G1 activities (transcription)+cycline A(S)
Late G1 point Cyclin E-CDK 2 p53
S point Cyclin A-CDK2 DNA polymerase+protein for replication
G2/M point Cyclin A-CDK 1 Phoshatase +Cyclin B(M)
M point: Cyclin B-CDK 1 Nuclear lamina/histone H1/chromatin/centrosome AP
Metaphase/Anaphase: prepare for cytokinesis
Mutations in growth factors+CDK: normal repair in G1/S -> tumor suppressor proteins p53->cell
suicide/apoptosis
Mitotic metaphase: Colchicine disrupt microtubules
Long prophase(1H):nucleolus disappear, replicated chromosome condense to be discrete, 2 centromsome
(pair centrioles) move to opposite poles + originate microtubule (mitotic spindle)
Late prophase: Inner nucleus membrame+ nuclear lamina phosphorylated
Metaphase: chromosomes with kinetochore(protein)
Anaphase: microtubule motor protein(kinesin/Dyneins)
Telephase: Separate chormatid to decondensed state, mitotic spindle depolymerized/nuclear envelope
reformed, ring of actin-filament develop in equator(prepare cytokinesis)
End telophase: cytokinesis constriction ring
Stem cell (niche/location): one daughter cell remain as stem cell, in rapid Renewing cell population:
blood/skin cells lining the digestive tract
Stable cell populations: connective tissues/cells lining blood vessels/nerve tissue/smooth muscle/cardiac
muscle(rare stem cells)
Progenitor cells/transit amplifying cells: commit to differentiated cells -> terminally differentiated
Meiosis I Prophase: homologous chromosome come together for Synapsis-double-stranded breaks
repairs(recombination/crossover), primary spermatocytes in Prophase I last for 3 week Oocytes last for 5Y
to 50 Y-> Metaphase I: homologous chromosome line up in the equator -> Anaphase I:homologous
chromosome separate without S -> chromatids separate as individual chromosome -> nuclear envelope
reform
Apoptosis: shrink as apoptotic bodies, undergo phagocytosis by neighbor cells/WBC
Monthly loss of luteal cells and remove of excess oocytes and follicle
Embryo: shape developing organs/body region of free space between embryonic fingers/toes
Apoptosis of excess nerve cells play role in final development of CNS
Cell injury/necrosis release cellular components triggers local inflammatory+immigration leukocytes
Bcl-2 family: cytoplasmic protein regulate the release death promoting factor from mitochondria,
activated by external signal/inreversible internal damage(B-cell lymphoma)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper elunabolala. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,34. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
