College aantekeningen
Pro- and Antisocial Behaviour | Notes
Lecture notes of 17 pages for the course Development Of Pro- And Antisocial Behaviour at RU (Notes per lecture)
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 17 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 17 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Pro- and Antisocial BehaviourLecture 1 (4-2-2020) – Main theories of prosocial behaviour:
Kitty Genovese story: she was attacked, her neighbours saw it but nobody
intervened reason why people looked at prosocial behaviour
Prosocial behaviour: behaviour that is defined by society as generally beneficial to
other people and/or to the ongoing political or cultural system (interpersonal &
context dependent an instinct)
Helping: any action that had the consequence of providing some benefit to or
improving the well-being of another person
- Casual helping: small favour (not necessarily knowing the other person)
- Substantial personal helping: considerable effort (knowing the other person)
- Emotional helping: emotional support (knowing the other person, quite effort)
- Emergency helping: helping with an acute problem (not necessarily
knowing the other person)
3 dimensional classification system: serious VS not serious, direct
VS indirect, planned/formal VS spontaneous/informal
Altruism: helping purely out of the desire to benefit someone else, with no
benefit (and often a cost) to oneself. A motivational state with the ultimate
goal of increasing another’s welfare
- Reciprocal altruism: a seemingly altruistic action is also beneficial
for the helper, as it expects help in the future of the other (beneficial for
survival)
Cooperation: acting together (in a coordinated way) in the pursuit of shared goals,
the enjoyment of the joint activity, or simply furthering the relationship
When are people prosocial? (Latené and Darley Model): Whether a person will
act pro-socially is the result of a logical decision-making process that includes 5
steps
1. Notice the event: the clarity, context of the event and the (good) mood of the
helper determines whether someone notices something is wrong
2. Interpret event as emergency: clear signs of distress (scream) and actions of
bystanders increase the chance of interpreting the situation as an emergency
3. Assume responsibility: taking the event personal and feel responsible
(Bystander effect: when you are the only person witnessing an emergency,
you are more likely to help than when there are more witnesses pluralistic
ignorance (looking at others to interpret situation) & diffusion of responsibility
(believing that someone else will take responsibility and help))
4. Choose a way to help: people who know what to do, aren’t more likely to help,
but are more effective when they help
5. Implement decision: making the decision to actually help (or walk away)
,Why are people prosocial?
The benefits outweigh the costs:
- Cost-benefit analysis (minimizing our costs (social
disapproval, physical/mental problems, time/effort) &
maximizing the benefits (social recognition, positive self-view,
positive emotions))
- Arousal cost-reward model: personal costs for helping VS
costs for the victim not receiving help
It is the norm:
- Social norms: rules for acceptable and non-acceptable behavior in certain
situations (Reciprocity norm: we feel inclined to help others who have helped
us & Social responsibility norm: we feel inclined to help others who are
dependent on us)
- Personal norms: one’s individual feelings of moral obligation on how to behave
in a certain situation (does helping do more harm than good or not?)
We feel empathy and want to reduce stress (egoism VS altruism):
- Aversive arousal reduction: wanting to reduce our arousal when witnessing an
event/emergency by helping or getting away
- Negative state relief model (egoism): if we can reduce our negative arousal
which we experience at an event with helping, we are likely to help
- Empathy-altruism model (altruism): the empathy we feel for someone
determines our helping behaviour (reducing distress from the person in need)
- Empathic-joy hypothesis: when we feel empathy for the person in need & the
helper will receive positive feedback about helpfulness/feel joy, help is likely
- Empathy-specific reward: we will get praise from others
- Empathy-specific punishment: avoid other observers to think negatively of us
It is an inherited characteristic (nature) VS We learned this form others (nurture)
Explanations of prosocial behavior
Biological explanations:
- An individual is motivated to enhance reproductivity to the ones sharing their
own genes (inclusive fitness), even if this means sacrificing itself (kin
selection)
- We choose partners who are similar to ourselves and we are more likely to
help those who are genetically similar to us (genetic determinism)
Learning explanations:
- Parents and other models need to act pro-socially, rewarding prosocial acts
- Learning the capacity to recognize and appreciate the needs of others and
understand ‘social prescriptions’ (so not necessarily the more observations,
the more imitation)
, Lecture 2 (7-2-2020) – main theories of antisocial behaviour:
Aggression: any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring
another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
- Behaviour hurting another person (not an emotion, motivation or attitude)
- Intention intended to hurt someone else, voluntarily chosen (not accidental)
- Harming negative consequences for another person (physical VS
psychological & active VS passive & direct VS indirect)
- Living being act aimed at hurting a living being (could be expressed on non-
living things)
- Avoidance motivation in the recipient those who undergo the aggressive
treatment want to avoid this aggressive treatment
Why do people act aggressively?
Biological approach:
- Ethology (Lorenz): steam-boiler model = aggression is a release of internal
aggressive energy (level of aggressive energy & strength of external stimuli),
so aggressive acts can’t come in a row (which isn’t true) within species
aggression (determining power hierarchy) & between species aggression
(driven by hunger)
- Socio-biology (Darwin): natural selection, aggression as adaptive behaviour =
facilitating selective transmission of aggressive genes to future generations.
(too much aggression diminishes the chance of survival)
- Behaviour genetics: genetically related individuals are more similar in their
aggressive behaviour (41%) than non-related individuals. Genes>environment
- Hormones: Testosterone (higher in man and show more physical aggression)
& Cortisol (low level fearlessness, insensitive to punishment, risky)
Psychological approach:
- Psychoanalysis (Freud): conflict between life instinct and death instinct leads
to aggression, to release the tension of the conflict.
- Frustration-Aggression hypothesis (Dollard): frustration (result of goal directed
behaviour being blocked) always leads to some form of aggression
(contributing elements: expected satisfaction when goal will be reached,
magnitude of interference, number of responses being blocked) displaced
aggression (not directing aggression to source of frustration because: afraid of
punishment (authority) & source of frustration is unavailable) & Aggressive
cues (prerequisites for aggression: readiness for aggression (frustration) &
external cues that trigger the display of aggression (weapons))
- Cognitive neo-associationism (Berkowitz): frustration emotion (arousal)
reducing negative affect with primitive reaction (associational reaction =
aggression (fight) or withdrawal (flight))
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper lauravonk. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €2,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 60904 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen