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Summary of EVERYTHING for thinking & deciding. I had this exam during COVID-19 and could use this summary during the exam, so everything is in it.
Thinking Fast & Slow (Kahneman) + Cognition (Matlin) and all lectu...
,Lecture 1 – Chapter 1
Cognition and technology work together to improve human life:
- Technology improved by cognition
- Cognition improved by technology
- Cross-fertilizations!
Cognition: Mental activity, acquisition, storage transformation and use of knowledge.
Cognitive psychology -> cognitive approach (different from behaviorism / Psychodynamic).
Why learn about cognition?
- Cognition occupies a major portion of human psychology.
- Cognitive psychology will help you appreciate many other areas of psychology, as well as
disciplines outside psychology.
- Cognitive psychology provides an "owner's manual" for your mind
Cognitive psychology is the study of cognizing by individual humans, including perception (H2),
attention (H3), memory (H4-5-6), knowledge (H7-8), language(H9-10), reasoning(H12), problem
solving (H11), decision-making (second parts). Cognitive psychology is sometimes used as a synonym
for cognition, and sometimes it refers to a theoretical approach to psychology.
It’s useful to study cognitive psychology because:
• Cognitive activities are a major part of human psychology
• The cognitive approach influences other important areas of psychology
• You can learn how to use your cognitive processes more effectively
Cognitive approach: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought processes and their
knowledge.
Philosophical antecedents: The Greeks
Plato (427-347 BC):
- Two ‘worlds’: observable, imperfect world and the eternal, changeless, abstract world of
(perfect) forms/ideas.
- Body is part of physical, ending world, mind (soul) is part of the abstract eternal world (dualism)
- Knowledge:
o Rationalism: Gain knowledge through good thinking (mathematics, philosophy).
o Remembering: mind knows everything (nativism), just remember.
Aristotle (384-322 BC):
- Guided by observations of natural and biological processes
- Rejected plato’s dualism
- Solution: one world, the observable reality
- Change is central: we learn and change by observation (empiricism).
- Aristotle emphasized the importance of empirical evidence, or scientific evidence obtained by
careful observation and experimentation.
2
, Plato versus Aristotle:
Plato Aristotle
Mind/body Dualism Monism
Knowledge Rationalism Empiricism
Origin of mind Nature (nativism) Nurture
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Structuralism
- Father of scientific psychology
- Established first psychology lab in 1875 in Germany
- Psychological psychology (experimental) relation between sensation and perception through
introspection. Wundt developed the introspection technique.
- Introspection: In this case it means that carefully trained observers would systematically
analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible, under standardized
conditions.
- Völker psychology: Higher order processes and social processes cannot be studied by
experimentation: too complex, introspection is too fallible.
Early memory research:
- Zeitgeist (wundt): Memory is a higher order process, cannot be studied experimentally
- Ebbinghaus studied his own memory, learning nonsense syllables (ZAF BUQ QUJ)
- US: Calkins discovered recency effect (she argued to study real processes).
o The recency effect is the tendency to remember the most recently presented
information best. For example, if you are trying to memorize a list of items,
the recency effect means you are more likely to recall the items from the list that you
studied last.
William James (1842-1910) Functionalism
- Influential book: ‘principles of psychology’
o Introspection has some issues, and nonsense syllables are not reflecting the real world.
- Aim: to understand functional relationships between stimuli and responses → everyday
experiences rather than decompose cognition in structural aspects.
Behaviorism: Mostly US
- Inspired by functionalism
- Studies the association between stimulus and responses
- Rejected introspection and studies observable behavior only
- Darwin’s influence: Animal experiments.
- The behaviorists helped to develop the research methods used by current cognitive
psychologists.
John B. Watson: founder of Behaviorism 1878 – 1958
- “Behaviorism holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of human
being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept.”
- Total rejection of mentalism in scientific psychology (e.g. thinking is simply silent speech).
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