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Sustainability Transitions: Concepts, Issues and Indicators - ENP23806
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- Wageningen University (WUR)
Sustainability Transitions: Concepts, Issues and Indicators - ENP23806
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Readings ENP-23806Lecture 2 – theoretical concepts of sustainability
Summary notes
History: Since industrial revolution the concept of sustainability is being used.
1960s: silent spring, book on usage DDT pesticides and animals not breeding because of
this. Sparked the environmental movement and DDT was banned.
1970s: first picture of the world, we are small and we have one world. Book; “population
bomb” about resource depletion. Limits to growth (scientific graphs). UN conference on
human environment.
1980s: World conservation strategy. Rio declaration; recognized the right of all nations to
exploit resources without damaging the environment.
Development in People Planet and Profit
Overlap of the three is sustainable development
Core ideas:
Environment-economic integration (how?)
Futurity: explicit concern about future generations
Environmental protection
Two dimensions of equity: meeting basic needs of the poor and for future gens
Quality of life: more than economic growth
Participation: new institutions needed to allow all voices to be heard
Policy principles for sus dev
Policy integration: Horizontal = integration of different policy themes (ppp). Vertical = local
to global.
Equity: distribution of costs and benefits amongst groups in society
Internalization of environmental costs in production
Academic criticism
Vagueness of concept, Economic bias of green washing, north-south bias (western concept)
and implementation gap
Large Technical Systems
Range of interconnected technological systems (infrastructures)
- Decentralizing LTS: linear systems to circular systems and consumers will produce
electricity. Will take long
Transition = change in a fundamental way
Summary of the lecture
Sustainable Development discourse centres around integrating Ecology, Economy, Society.
People Planet Profit. Its new elements are participation and intergenerational solidarity.
Articles to read in preparation of the lecture
Bruyninckx, H. (2005). Sustainable Development: The Institutionalisation of a contested
policy concept. In M. M. Betsill, K. Hochstetler & D. Stevis (Eds.), Palgrave Advances in
International Environmental Politics (pp. 265-298). Hampshire: Palgrave. .pdf
Chapter 1: conceptual history of the term “sustainable development”. Although coined in
1987 (Brundtland report Our Common Future), its roots go back to the Limits to Growth
report (Club of Rome, 1971) and many other reports and events in between. It discusses
criticism on sustainable development: concerning its vagueness; whether or not it should
address environmental or broader issues; its bias towards issues of the developed world,
and thereby missing a developing countries perspective; and lastly being a highly
rhetorical concept, without much implementation or even not aiming at fundamental
changes that will be necessary to turn things around.
, Readings ENP-23806
Chapter 3: the academic debate and research on Sustainable Development. It discussed
global, regional and local governance, the role of the state and other stakeholders and
the required knowledge and policy instruments for sustainable development.
To illustrate the impact of the sustainable development paradigm on international
regimes, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification is used as a case
study. Participation, decentralization and the coproduction of knowledge as an interactive
process are all incorporated in this example.
Wieczorek A.J., Berkhout F. (2009) Transitions to Sustainability as Societal
Innovations. Opens in new window
Wieczorek and Berkhout introduce and summarize the literature on Sustainability
Transitions in a concise textbook chapter. It gives you the overview of transitions as
system innovations, its multi-level and multi-actor perspective, and its historical examples
(the transition from coal to gas in Dutch energy system). Lastly, it addresses briefly how
transitions can be managed. The chapter serves as an entry point ot he key literature on
Transitions and Transition Management.
Take-home messages:
Sustainable development is a contested concept, rooted in older and wider debates on
depletion and conservation of resources, ecosystem carrying capacity, and global
inequalities. You should be able to reproduce the major criticisms in societal and
academic debates and comment on them.
Sustainability Transitions are defined as a set of long-term, radical and mutually-
reinforcing changes in the economic, technological, institutional and socio-cultural
domains of a system that serves a societal function, in this case, sustainability.
Lecture 3 – limits to growth
Summary notes
To become acquainted with the key moments in the birth of environmental awareness
(especially in the past half-century).
To be aware that the industrialized world we live in today is unique in human history. For
99% of human history, humans were much constrained by their environment, with little to
no progress. Humans became dominant feature on earth
The antropocene = geological epoch in which humans are cause of the current planetary
change
Pre-modern societies
Little economic growth Regular famines
Life expectancy 30 years Energy sources: wood, wind,
Slow pop growth animal/human power.
Lots of diseases
Revolutions
Neolitic: Trans from nomadic hunter-gatherer to settled agriculture
Age of discovery: Columbian exchange: Trade of European goods for American ones
(diseases and slaves)
Scientific: systematic interpretation of the earth
Agricultural: Crop rotation
Industrial: Use of fossil fuels and machines
Health and mortality trans: New medicine and operation techniques
Green: irrigation, mechanization, increased use chemicals and fertilizers, high-yield
wheat.
, Readings ENP-23806
Consequences of revs: Rapid pop growth, increase in life expectancy and increase in
income.
Indus rev is the key transition:
Industrialized societies: Lifted constraints of the environment, used tech to extract large
amounts of natural resources and were healthier and had higher living standards.
Negative consequences: inequality widend and lead to pollution and climate change
History of growing env awareness
Early modern: Carlowitz saw consequences of timber consumption in Europe. Maltus
said population is regulating itself with regard to the foodsupply.
Industrial rev: Jevon, coal question, sparing coal cause coal is finite. John Stuart mill,
Resource limits will stop economic growth. Need to look after the next gen. M. King
Hubburt, peak oil theory (bell shaped curve) finite resources
Causes that made world aware
Dustbowl 1930s: Vulnerble monoculture, period of drought by erosion blowing away 75%
of topsoil
The great smog 1952: London, high pressure weather so the smog could not go up in the
sky, great deaths in London
Environmental movements since 1960s: the silent spring DDT
Agent orange: Vietnam war, us destroyed crops and forest, people got exposed to the
deofoliant (ontbladerings middle)
Critiques
Predictions did not come true
Too negative predictions
Arguably, economies become more sustainable once a high level of GDP per capita is
reached
Scarcity continues to induce innovation and technological progress
Articles to read in preparation of the lecture
McNeill, J.R. (2000), 'Prologue: Peculiarities of a Prodigal Century', in: Something new
under the sun: an environmental history of the twentieth century world, pages 3-17.
Key points of the article
The text from McNeill is the introduction of his book evocatively called 'Something new under
the sun', reflecting McNeill's view that there is something that radically separates 20th-
century human history from all and anything that came before. He illustrates this main point
with some 'quantitative thought experiments' on economic growth, population, and energy
use.
Lecture 4 – transitions and
management
Summary notes
Past/ongoing transitions
Food provision and consumption: Fridge(less
shopping, woman less bound to household),
Bigger supermarkets, Diet change from local to
global processed foods.
Household energy: How space is used
(heating) Change in comfort and social norms.
Water and hygiene: Getting water in a common
tub, idea of wellness
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