Samenvatting
Samenvatting 'English Speaking World'
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Summary English Speaking WorldEngland 1 (and article)
Celts: 55 BC Julius Caesar + Romans take over Britain
Natives of British Isles long before the 410AD Romans leave Britain
English (descendants in Cornwall, 449AD German tribes (angles, Saxons, Jutes) arrive
Highlands, Ireland, Wales) 750-1050 AD Viking invasions
1066 AD Norman conquest
55BC: Julius Caesar: 1337 AD Start of 100 years’ war
Romans kept British tribes at bay behind 1476 AD Introduction of printing press in England
Hadrian’s Wall. 1564 AD Year Shakespeare was born
Influence then: Latin and Celtic official 1611 AD King James Bible was published
languages in ‘Londinium’.
Celtic influence on English:
The tablets mainly show the people were troubled by petty thievery, but also underline the diversity
of the culture. Many place names survived, but barely any vocabulary. Plants, nutrition, household
items, place names with –chester, -caster, -cester (castra = camp) and Avon, Thames and Wye.
410 AD: Romans leave Britain: (Roman empire collapsed, legions withdrew)
449 AD: Germanic invasion:
Germanic tribes arrive in England: Angles, Saxons and Jutes
--> Defeated Celtic Britons, destroyed towns and pushed back the Celts to Ireland, Brittany and Wales
Next 150 Years: Strengthened control in seven kingdoms:
* Northumbria * Essex
* Mercia * Sussex
* East Anglia * Wessex
* Kent
Dispossessed Britons: now known as the word Welsh
Anglo Saxon Influence:
* Language of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as old English
* The influence of the Anglo-Saxon vocab had taken a hammering from the Scandinavians and
Normans – only about 4.500 words survived (85%), (1% in Oxford dictionary).
* Best clue Anglo-Saxon English sound: Frisian
> English Cow Lamb Boat rain
> Frisian Ko Lam Boat rein
Influence on modern English:
* Simple things: house, woman, loaf, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
* Agriculture: sheep, plough, work
* Function words as; to, for, but, and, etc
Anglii/ Anglia: general term for invaders
Angelcynn ( angle-kin) and English
There hardly any evidence of this left because the early Anglo-Saxons left no account of these events
for the simple reason that they were, to use the modern phrase, functionally illiterate.
1000 AD country known as England, land of the Angles, why:
,Because the Saxons were the dominant group and the Angels weren’t heard of there anymore. No
one knows quite why this is the way it is.
597 AD: Conversion to Christianity
* Christianity already in England through Romans
* Main bringer of literacy
* 6 century: Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity by St. Augustine
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* People more willing to adapt words from Latin background ( martyr, bishop, altar, angel)
* Building of churches and monasteries (great sources of education)
* Large numbers of Latin manuscripts produced
Conversion changed language in three ways:
1. Large church vocabulary
2. Introduced words from far away
3. Apply existing words to new concepts
750 – 1050 AD: The Viking invasions
* Began as plunder-raids, ended as conquest and settlement
* Profound influence on development of Old English, gave around 2000 words to English
* Many to do with pillaging and conquering
9th century:
Vikings seemed unstoppable
No English-speaking kingdoms left, possibly wiped out altogether
Alfred the Great (King of Wessex):
Battle of Ethandun/Edington 878 AD, Victory commemorated by white horse
Danelaw was established (part of England where Danes ruled)
Danelaw established a line between London & Chester, dividing control between
British and Danes.
After peace Treaty, Alfred’s power-base small
Depended on men & money outside Wessex
Appeal to shared sense of Englishness: the English language
Rebuilt monasteries and schools, inspired use of English, not Latin for education, learned
Latin himself to translate key texts.
Alfred considered by some to be saviour of the English Language.
Scandinavian influence:
* 900 words of Scandinavian origin ( get, hit, same, want, wrong, sky), 100rdst more unaccounted for
* Often Scandinavian borrowings alongside English equivalents
Old English: To rear a child Wish Craft Hide
Old Norse: To raise a child Want Skill Skin
Fusion of Saxon and Viking: Beowulf:
* Poem of approx. 300 lines, greatest single work of old English literature
* Plot: Beowulf comes to the rescue of King of Denmark, who built a great hall for his warriors, but is
attacked by the horrible demon Grendel. Grendel terrorizes the Danes every night, killing them and
defeating any efforts of resistance.
1066 AD: The Norman Conquest:
* William the Conqueror invades England
* Vikings who had settled in northern France 200 before the Norman Conquest of 1066.
* Approx. 10.000 new words from Normans
* Norman kings often totally ignorant of English
, Official business: French
Learning & Religion: Latin
Common: English
Between 1066 and 1350 English had no official status, upside:
* Rural dialect of French, called Anglo-Norman
* Important consequences for the English language and contributed to its survival.
* English got a lot of loan words from other languages.
* Its lowly position almost certainly helped English to become a simpler, less inflected language.
Why did English survive?
1. pre-conquest Old English vernacular, both spoken and written, too well established
2. Intermarriage of Normans with those they had conquered
3. In 1204 the Anglo-Normans lost control of French territory across the Channel
Early 13th century: comeback of English
Churches and universities attempted to stop decline of French, yet didn’t succeed
100 Years War ( 116 years to be exact):
* England vs. France: 1337 – 1453
* Prize: The French throne
* French victory, confirmed fall of French language, English took over as language of power
* Black Death, Labor scarce, rise in status of common non-French and non-Latin speaking man.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 – 1400):
* Career & literary pieces of first big English poet symbolize rebirth of English as a national language
* Canterbury Tales, poems with word-play, mocking of people claiming to know French and Latin
The Mother tongue survived; yet it had changed:
* 1150-1500 AD: Middle English
* Loss of Old English word endings: instead use of prepositions
* Ability to express different shades of meaning, make fine distinctions
* It was not until the rule of Henry IV, that England had a ruler whose mother tongue was English.
The more skilled trades adopted French names. Animals brought to the table have French names.
* English and French ran alongside
English: cow sheep swine
French: beef mutton pork (a la carte)
* Development of strong local forms
* 5 main speech areas – Northern, West and East Midlands, Southern and Kentish – very similar to
contemporary English speech areas
Many Scandinavian terms were adopted. Sometimes these replaced Old English words, but often
stood beside them, adding a useful synonym, so that today in English we have both craft and skill,
wish and want and many other doublets.
Printing press:
# English adopted as written language
# William Caxton, introduced printing press into England around 1476 AD
# Decision to reproduce English of London/ South-East crucial
# Caxton ‘fixed’ written English before writers and teachers reached consensus chaotic spelling
conventions
# Printing press: spread of learning and knowledge easier
century: 3 major historic events
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1. Renaissance (14th-17th C.), cultural movement + scientific revolution; added between 10,000-
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