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Practice Exam Essay Questions - The Other Europe
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What is meant by the process of 'De-Stalinization' and what did the process involve?
What is meant by the process of 'De-Stalinization' and what did the process involve?
De-Stalinizaiton represented a process of destroying Stalin's legacy in the Communist Bloc that followed after the leader's death. that included the destruction of Stalin's cult of personality, end of purges as a weapon of the state that was replaced by cultural omnipresence of surveillance, as well as the beginning of freeing prisoners from gulags. De-Stalinization was not one single process, but several different processes: in Eastern Europe, communists began to challenge the restricted freedom the Soviet party gave them; their persistent fear that dominated the Bloc due to the purges disappeared and more party discussion was allowed; people started expressing their discontent with policies or the party itself. Some of the essential aspects of the 'communist system; were challenged and changed during this process. The monopoly of power of the Communist party began to be challenged as exemplified in the events that took place in Hungary in 1956, as even the leader Nagy included non-communists in his cabinet. Yet even these attempts were contained and the power remained in the hands of the party. The aspects of non-capitalist ownership changed to some extent, as entrepreneurship of small businesses existed. The ultimate goal of communism did not play an important role anymore, as people became more realistic rather than uptompianistic. On the other hand, democratic centralism remained in all communist regimes.
What were the preconditions that prompted Gorbachev to pursue the policy of Perestroika?
What were the preconditions that prompted Gorbachev to pursue the policy of Perestroika?
Perestroika was pursued in the context of economic failure all over Eastern Europe due to the inability of a command economy to match with the economies of the West. There were high energy prices/interest rates and a general acceptance of the need for a radical reform of command economy. People started to see that socialist market solutions di not work. Furthermore, there was a collapse in their relationship with the West in terms of loans and in the Eastern Bloc, trade was much more bilateral rather than multilateral trade between the countries. People were generally starting to lose hopes for a solution, as countries were not progressing and development was slowing down.
What were the reasons for the emergence of the Croatian Spring and what changes did the Croats want to see?
What were the reasons for the emergence of the Croatian Spring and what changes did the Croats want ...
Tensions between Serbs and Croats were boosted by the problem of distribution of investment in Yugoslavia, as most investments went into the underdeveloped parts of the federation, while the more developed Croatia and Slovenia were overlooked, even though they produced most of the nation's wealth. The Croats opposed the centralized system of government in Belgrade, as they had to send their earnings to the government in Serbia which would then redistribute it, but mainly to the Southern party of the nation. A general feeling of Serbian-oriented and dominated control over Yugoslavia prevailed among Croats. Furthermore, a new dictionary of Serbo-Croatian language was introduced in 1967 and presented mainly Serbian phrases as the standard done, while ignoring the Croat ones or branding them as a dialect. this created a feeling of superior position of the Serbian language. There was also a religious difference between the two ethnic groups; while the majority of Serbs were Orthodox, Croats were predominantly Catholic. Another factor was the overrepresentation of Serbs in the army and police of Croatia, which had a significant minority population Serbs. The Croats, as well as Slovenes, demanded more autonomy, price liberalization, lower exchange rate of the dinar, more cuts in the profit their enterprise made and were made to send to Belgrade. They also demanded to open up Yugoslavia and the Adriatic coast up for international tourists, which would later produce much profit for Yugoslavia. they also wanted to establish legality in the statuses of the Serbian, Slovene, Croatian and Montenegrin language.
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